Ayuno y ayuno modificado: aspectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos

Autores/as

  • Décio Laks Facultad de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP. Brasil.
  • Patricio López Universidad Central del Ecuador

Resumen

La obesidad viene convirtiéndose en uno de los grandes problemas de salud de las sociedades modernas. Se manifiesta particularmente en países industrializados como los EUA, donde del 10 al 40 0/0 de la población es afectada ( 5, 42, 66). En países subdesarrollados, a pesar de existir pocos datos epidemiológicos al respecto, se cree que la incidáncia es menor. Sin embargo, un estudio reciente en escolares brasileros (3), mostró una prevalencia global de obesidad del 16.7 0/0. Es importante notar que, *mientras en EUA la obesidad es más frecuente en estratos sociales pobres (44), en Brasil ocurre justamente lo contrario
Repetidos estudios demuestran que personas con peso 20 0/0 mayor que su peso ideal presentan tasas de mortalidad elevadas, principalmente por enfermedades cardiovàsculares (37, 42, 49). En pacientes con obesidad mórbida (100 0/0 sobre el peso ideal) la mortalidad llega a ser 12 veces mayor que en poblaciones de peso normal (18).
• Dr. Décio Laks Eizirik Dr. Patricio López J.
Las dietas tradicionales para obesidad, que mantienen una proporción entre carbohidratos (CH), proteinas y grasas, pero reducida cantidad total de calorías, no dan resultados satisfactorios en el manejo de la obesidad severa. Como ejemplo, apenas 5 0/0 de los pacientes tratados con este tipo de de dietas pierden 20 0 más kg y solamente 25 0/0 disminuyen 9 kg o más, posteriormente, mantienen esta pérdida (72). Entre las justificaciones que explican estos pobres resultados, se destacan basicamente la sensación de hambre de los pacientes y la lenta pérdida de peso (9), sin dejar de considerar, en algunos casos, alteraciones primarias en el metabolismo intermediario y macanismos de termogénesis (I I, 41, 48, 56).
Por estos motivos, en los últimos años se han estudiado dietas mas restrictivas y que no mantienen la habitual relación entre los diversos componentes alimenticios (CH, proteinas y grasas). Para la comprensión y elaboración de estos programas dietéti 218
cos, fue fundamental el conocimiento de los fenómenos fisiológicos y adaptativos que ocurren en el organismo humano durante períodos de ayuno.
En esta revisión trataremos de abordar algunos aspectos metabólicos y hormonales observados durante el ayunó, y a partir de ahí, estudiaremos los aspectos fisiológicos de una de las nuevas dietas propuestas: el ayuno modificado con ingesta proteíca

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Biografía del autor/a

Décio Laks, Facultad de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USP. Brasil.

Especialista en Endocrinología por la Asociaci6n Médica Brasileira.  

Patricio López, Universidad Central del Ecuador

Profesor de la Cátedra de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Central del Ecuador.  

Citas

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2017-06-26

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1.
Laks D, López P. Ayuno y ayuno modificado: aspectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos. Rev Fac Cien Med (Quito) [Internet]. 26 de junio de 2017 [citado 29 de marzo de 2024];6(3-4):217-29. Disponible en: https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CIENCIAS_MEDICAS/article/view/475

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