Infecciones nosocomiales y marcadores epidemiológicos
Resumen
Las infecciones nosocomiales o intrahospitalarias continúan siendo en la actualidad un grave problema de salud pública principalmente por falta de monitoreo y control permanentes. En los últimos años, el análisis epidemiológico de las infecciones nosocomiales ha evolucionado y ha experimentado importantes cambios, desde la caracterización fenotípica hasta el desarrollo de técnicas de biología molecular y la utilización del genoma de los microbios e investigaciones basadas en la utilización de chips de ADN. En el presente trabajo hacemos una revisión de algunas publicaciones sobre este tema y analizamos las ventajas y desventajas de varios métodos de tipificación y su utilidad epidemiológica.
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1. Malangón G, Hernández L: Infecciones Hospitalarias, lera. Edic. Colombia, Editorial Médica Internacional, 1995; 6: 79.
2. Gannguly P, Yunus M, et al: A study of nosocomial infection in relation to different host factors in an Indian teaching hospital. Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 1995; 115(4): 244-246.
3. Sociedad Española de Higiene y Medicina Preventiva Hospitalarias y Grupo de Trabajo EPINCAT-1990, Prevalencia de las Infecciones Nosocomiales en los Hospitales Españoles, Proyecto EPINE, España, 1990; 217.
4. Parker MT: Hospital-acquired infections: guidelines to laboratory methods. WHO Regional Publication. European Series N°° 4. 1978.
5. Meitert T, Meitert E: Usefulness, aplications and limitations of epidemiological typing methods to elucidate nosocomial infections and the spread of communicable diseases. En iMethods in Microbilogyí, Bergan T, Norris JR (eds). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco. 1978; 1- 38.
6. Ayliffe GA: The application of typing methods to nosocomial infections. En: “Methods in Microbiology” Bergan T, Norris JR (eds). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco. 1978; 39-60.
7. Goering RV: The molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infection: past, present and future. Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 2000; 11(3): 145-152.
8. Struelens MJ, Gemer-Smidt P, Rosdahl V, et al: Consensus guidelines for appropriate use and evaluation of microbial epidemiological typing systems. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996; 2: 1- 10.
9. Bertlett RC, Bennett JV, Weinstein RA, Mallison GF: El laboratorio de Microbiología: su papel en la vigilancia, investigación y control. En: Bennett JV, Brachman PS (eds): Infecciones Hospitalarias. Little Brown and Co Inc, Boston, USA. 1979; 213-238.
10. Noble WC: The new hospital epidemiology. J Hyg Camb. 1983; 91: 1-5.
11. Bergey DH, Holt JG: Bergeyís Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9 Edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994.
12. Arbeit RD: Laboratory procedures for the epidemiologic analysis of microorganisms. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7 Edn. Edited by Murray PR, Barón E J, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH: Washington D C , ASM Press. 1999; 116-137.
13. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV: How to select an d interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemiological studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiologists. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 426-439.
14. Walker J, Borrow R, Goering RV, Egleton .C, Fox AJ, Oppenheim BA: Subtyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, isolates from the north-west o f England: a comparison os standardised pulsed-field g e t electrophoresis with bacteriophage typing including a n interlaboratory reproductibility study. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48: 297-301.
15. Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM: Phenotypic and genotypic typing of food and clinical isolates of Enterobacter sakasakii. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48: 559-567.
16. Troillet N, Carmeli Y, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami P , Samore MH: Epidemiological analysis of imipenem-resistant Serratia marcescens in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Infect 1999; 42: 37-43.
17. Andersen BM Bergh K, Steinbakk M, et al: A Norwegian nosocomial outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resistant to fusidic acid and susceptible to other antistaphylococcal agents. J Hosp Infect 1999; 41: 123-132.
18. Maslow J, Mulligan ME: Epidemiologic Typing Systems. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17: 595-604.
19. Ayliffe GA: The application of typing methods to nosocomial infections. En: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds: Methods in Microbiology, Academic Press. London, New York, S a n Francisco 1978; 39-60.
20. Lund E, Henriksen JL: Laboratory diagnosis, serology and epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae. En: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds: Methods in Microbiology, Academic Press. London, New York 1978; 1-14.
21. Casewell MW: Experience in the use of commercial antisera for the capsular typing of Klebsiella species. J Clin Pathol, 1972; 25: 734.
22. Parker MT: Phage-typing of Staphylococcus aureus. E n: Norris JR, Ribbons, eds: Methods in Microbiology, Academic Press. London, New York 1972; 1-28.
23. Meitert T, Meitert E: Usefulness, applications and limitations of epidemiological typing methods to elucidate nosocomial infections and the spread of communicable diseases. En: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds: Methods in Microbiology,Academic Press. London, New York, San Francisco 1978; 1- 38.
24. Gillies RR, Govan JRW: Typing of Pseudomonas pyocianea by pyocin production. J Pathol Bact, 1966; 91: 339-345.
25. Farmer JJ: Epidemiological differentiation of Serratia marcescens: Typing by bacteriocin production. Appl Microbiol, 1972; 23: 218.
26. Hettiaratchy IGT, Cooke EM, Shooter RA: Colicine production as an epidemiological marker of Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol, 1973; 6: 1.
27. Morris GK, Wells JG: Colicin typing of Shigella sonnei. Appl Microbiol, 1974; 27: 312.
28. Datta N, Hughes VM, Nugent ME, Richards H: Plasmids and transposoms and their stability and mutability in bacteria isolated during an outbreak of hospital infection. Plasmids, 1979; 2: 182-196.
29. Tabaqchali S: Epidemiologic markers of Clostridium difficile. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 192S-199S.
30. Tanner AR: Characterization of Wolinella species. Campylobacter concissus, Bacteroides gracilis, and Eikenella corrodens by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 562-565.
31. Meyers JA, Sánchez D, Elwell LP, Falkow S: Simple agarose gel electrophoretic method for the indentification and charecterization of plasmid the deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol 1976; 127: 1529-1537.
32. Schaberg DR, Tompkins LS, Falkow S: Use of agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid to fingerprint gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 1105-1108.
33. Taylor DN, Wachsmuth IK, Shangkuan YH, et al: Salmonellosis associated with marijuana: a multistate outbreak trased by plasmid fingerprinted. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 1249-1253.
34. Kreiswirth B, Komblum J, Arbeit RD, et al: Evidence for a clonal origin of methicillin resístanse in Staphilococcus aureus. Science 1993; 259: 227-230.
35. Schwartz DC, Saffran W, Welsh J, Haas R, Goldemberg M, Cantor CR: New techniques for purifying large DNAís and studying their properties and packaging. Coid Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol. 1983; 47: 189-195.
36. Mullís KB: The unusual origin of the polymerasa chaín reaction. Sci Am 1990; 262: 56-65.
37. Arbeit RD: Laboratory procedures for the epidemiologic análisis of microorganisms. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology.7ma edición. Murray PR, Barón EJ, Pfaller MA, Teño ver FC, Yolken RH (eds). Washington DC. ASM Press. 1999; 116-137.
38. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV: How to select and interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemiological studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiolologists. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997; 18: 426-439.
39. Goering RV: The molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infections: an overview of principies, application, and interpretation. In: Rapid detection of infectious agents. Specter S, Bendinelli M, Friedman H (eds). New York. Plenum Press. 1998; 131-157.
40. Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, et al: AFLP: A new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucí Acids Res 1995; 23: 4407- 4414.
41. Van Eldere J, Janssen P, Hoefnagels-Schuermans A, Van Lierde S, Peetermans WE: Amplified-fragment lenght polymorphism análysis versus macro-restriction fragment análisis for molecular typing of streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2053-2057.
42. Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Fiel E, et al: Multilocus séquense typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 1998; 95: 3140-3145.
43. Enright MC, Spratt BG: A multilocus séquense typing scheme for Streptococcus neumoniae: identification of clones associated with serious invasive disease. Microbiology, 1998; 144: 3049-3060.
44. Ramsay G: DNA chips: state-of-the art. Nature Biotechnol, 1998; 16: 40-44.
2. Gannguly P, Yunus M, et al: A study of nosocomial infection in relation to different host factors in an Indian teaching hospital. Journal of the Royal Society of Health. 1995; 115(4): 244-246.
3. Sociedad Española de Higiene y Medicina Preventiva Hospitalarias y Grupo de Trabajo EPINCAT-1990, Prevalencia de las Infecciones Nosocomiales en los Hospitales Españoles, Proyecto EPINE, España, 1990; 217.
4. Parker MT: Hospital-acquired infections: guidelines to laboratory methods. WHO Regional Publication. European Series N°° 4. 1978.
5. Meitert T, Meitert E: Usefulness, aplications and limitations of epidemiological typing methods to elucidate nosocomial infections and the spread of communicable diseases. En iMethods in Microbilogyí, Bergan T, Norris JR (eds). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco. 1978; 1- 38.
6. Ayliffe GA: The application of typing methods to nosocomial infections. En: “Methods in Microbiology” Bergan T, Norris JR (eds). Academic Press, London, New York, San Francisco. 1978; 39-60.
7. Goering RV: The molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infection: past, present and future. Reviews in Medical Microbiology. 2000; 11(3): 145-152.
8. Struelens MJ, Gemer-Smidt P, Rosdahl V, et al: Consensus guidelines for appropriate use and evaluation of microbial epidemiological typing systems. Clin Microbiol Infect 1996; 2: 1- 10.
9. Bertlett RC, Bennett JV, Weinstein RA, Mallison GF: El laboratorio de Microbiología: su papel en la vigilancia, investigación y control. En: Bennett JV, Brachman PS (eds): Infecciones Hospitalarias. Little Brown and Co Inc, Boston, USA. 1979; 213-238.
10. Noble WC: The new hospital epidemiology. J Hyg Camb. 1983; 91: 1-5.
11. Bergey DH, Holt JG: Bergeyís Manual of Determinative Bacteriology. 9 Edn. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins; 1994.
12. Arbeit RD: Laboratory procedures for the epidemiologic analysis of microorganisms. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 7 Edn. Edited by Murray PR, Barón E J, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH: Washington D C , ASM Press. 1999; 116-137.
13. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV: How to select an d interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemiological studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiologists. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1997; 18: 426-439.
14. Walker J, Borrow R, Goering RV, Egleton .C, Fox AJ, Oppenheim BA: Subtyping of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, isolates from the north-west o f England: a comparison os standardised pulsed-field g e t electrophoresis with bacteriophage typing including a n interlaboratory reproductibility study. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48: 297-301.
15. Nazarowec-White M, Farber JM: Phenotypic and genotypic typing of food and clinical isolates of Enterobacter sakasakii. J Med Microbiol 1999; 48: 559-567.
16. Troillet N, Carmeli Y, Venkataraman L, DeGirolami P , Samore MH: Epidemiological analysis of imipenem-resistant Serratia marcescens in hospitalized patients. J Hosp Infect 1999; 42: 37-43.
17. Andersen BM Bergh K, Steinbakk M, et al: A Norwegian nosocomial outbreak of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus resistant to fusidic acid and susceptible to other antistaphylococcal agents. J Hosp Infect 1999; 41: 123-132.
18. Maslow J, Mulligan ME: Epidemiologic Typing Systems. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1996; 17: 595-604.
19. Ayliffe GA: The application of typing methods to nosocomial infections. En: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds: Methods in Microbiology, Academic Press. London, New York, S a n Francisco 1978; 39-60.
20. Lund E, Henriksen JL: Laboratory diagnosis, serology and epidemiology of Streptococcus pneumoniae. En: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds: Methods in Microbiology, Academic Press. London, New York 1978; 1-14.
21. Casewell MW: Experience in the use of commercial antisera for the capsular typing of Klebsiella species. J Clin Pathol, 1972; 25: 734.
22. Parker MT: Phage-typing of Staphylococcus aureus. E n: Norris JR, Ribbons, eds: Methods in Microbiology, Academic Press. London, New York 1972; 1-28.
23. Meitert T, Meitert E: Usefulness, applications and limitations of epidemiological typing methods to elucidate nosocomial infections and the spread of communicable diseases. En: Bergan T, Norris JR, eds: Methods in Microbiology,Academic Press. London, New York, San Francisco 1978; 1- 38.
24. Gillies RR, Govan JRW: Typing of Pseudomonas pyocianea by pyocin production. J Pathol Bact, 1966; 91: 339-345.
25. Farmer JJ: Epidemiological differentiation of Serratia marcescens: Typing by bacteriocin production. Appl Microbiol, 1972; 23: 218.
26. Hettiaratchy IGT, Cooke EM, Shooter RA: Colicine production as an epidemiological marker of Escherichia coli. J Med Microbiol, 1973; 6: 1.
27. Morris GK, Wells JG: Colicin typing of Shigella sonnei. Appl Microbiol, 1974; 27: 312.
28. Datta N, Hughes VM, Nugent ME, Richards H: Plasmids and transposoms and their stability and mutability in bacteria isolated during an outbreak of hospital infection. Plasmids, 1979; 2: 182-196.
29. Tabaqchali S: Epidemiologic markers of Clostridium difficile. Rev Infect Dis 1990; 12: 192S-199S.
30. Tanner AR: Characterization of Wolinella species. Campylobacter concissus, Bacteroides gracilis, and Eikenella corrodens by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. J Clin Microbiol 1986; 24: 562-565.
31. Meyers JA, Sánchez D, Elwell LP, Falkow S: Simple agarose gel electrophoretic method for the indentification and charecterization of plasmid the deoxyribonucleic acid. J Bacteriol 1976; 127: 1529-1537.
32. Schaberg DR, Tompkins LS, Falkow S: Use of agarose gel electrophoresis of plasmid deoxyribonucleic acid to fingerprint gram-negative bacilli. J Clin Microbiol 1981; 13: 1105-1108.
33. Taylor DN, Wachsmuth IK, Shangkuan YH, et al: Salmonellosis associated with marijuana: a multistate outbreak trased by plasmid fingerprinted. N Engl J Med 1982; 306: 1249-1253.
34. Kreiswirth B, Komblum J, Arbeit RD, et al: Evidence for a clonal origin of methicillin resístanse in Staphilococcus aureus. Science 1993; 259: 227-230.
35. Schwartz DC, Saffran W, Welsh J, Haas R, Goldemberg M, Cantor CR: New techniques for purifying large DNAís and studying their properties and packaging. Coid Spring Harbor Symp Quant Biol. 1983; 47: 189-195.
36. Mullís KB: The unusual origin of the polymerasa chaín reaction. Sci Am 1990; 262: 56-65.
37. Arbeit RD: Laboratory procedures for the epidemiologic análisis of microorganisms. In: Manual of Clinical Microbiology.7ma edición. Murray PR, Barón EJ, Pfaller MA, Teño ver FC, Yolken RH (eds). Washington DC. ASM Press. 1999; 116-137.
38. Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV: How to select and interpret molecular strain typing methods for epidemiological studies of bacterial infections: a review for healthcare epidemiolologists. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 1997; 18: 426-439.
39. Goering RV: The molecular epidemiology of nosocomial infections: an overview of principies, application, and interpretation. In: Rapid detection of infectious agents. Specter S, Bendinelli M, Friedman H (eds). New York. Plenum Press. 1998; 131-157.
40. Vos P, Hogers R, Bleeker M, et al: AFLP: A new technique for DNA fingerprinting. Nucí Acids Res 1995; 23: 4407- 4414.
41. Van Eldere J, Janssen P, Hoefnagels-Schuermans A, Van Lierde S, Peetermans WE: Amplified-fragment lenght polymorphism análysis versus macro-restriction fragment análisis for molecular typing of streptococcus pneumoniae isolates. J Clin Microbiol 1999; 37: 2053-2057.
42. Maiden MC, Bygraves JA, Fiel E, et al: Multilocus séquense typing: a portable approach to the identification of clones within populations of pathogenic microorganisms. Proc Nati Acad Sci USA, 1998; 95: 3140-3145.
43. Enright MC, Spratt BG: A multilocus séquense typing scheme for Streptococcus neumoniae: identification of clones associated with serious invasive disease. Microbiology, 1998; 144: 3049-3060.
44. Ramsay G: DNA chips: state-of-the art. Nature Biotechnol, 1998; 16: 40-44.
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2017-06-09
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Ruano C, Saez J, Vindel A, Martínez F. Infecciones nosocomiales y marcadores epidemiológicos. Rev Fac Cien Med (Quito) [Internet]. 9 de junio de 2017 [citado 25 de abril de 2024];28(1-3):23-31. Disponible en: https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CIENCIAS_MEDICAS/article/view/975
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