Análisis lingüístico femenino en el siglo XXI a través
del discurso de Cynthia
Viteri
Female
linguistic analysis in the 21st Century:
the speech of Cynthia Viteri
Miguel Román-Jaramillo
Universidad
Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
maromanj@uce.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9789-9753
Magali Arévalo-Arteta
Universidad
Central del Ecuador, Quito, Ecuador
mjarevalo@uce.edu.ec
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1314-8413
(Received
on: 11/11/2019; Accepted on: 18/11/2019; Final version received on: 08/01/2020)
Cita del artículo: Roman-Jaramillo, M., Arévalo-Arteta, M., (2020). Female
linguistic analysis in the
21st Century: the speech of Cynthia Viteri. Revista
Cátedra, 3(1), 91-111.
Resumen
El
propósito de este artículo es presentar de una manera general, mediante
ejemplos prácticos, un análisis discursivo. Como sujeto de análisis se
consideró a la Dra. Cynthia Viteri, por ser actualmente una de las mujeres más
destacas en la política ecuatoriana y la máxima autoridad de la ciudad de
Guayaquil, Ecuador. La antropología lingüística, la sociolingüística, la nueva
dialectología y lo que en el ámbito anglosajón se denomina la “lingüística
feminista” llevan varias décadas aportando datos que muestran cómo hombres y
mujeres se construyen y se manifiestan de forma diferente en cuanto a la manera
de utilizar las lenguas. El presente trabajo de investigación tiene un enfoque
descriptivo, y se desarrolló mediante la observación continua
de videos y conferencias emitidos
por la actual alcaldesa de Guayaquil, Dra. Cynthia Viteri Jiménez,
mismos que se reproducen en el canal de Youtube y corresponden a los meses
entre enero y noviembre del 2019. El análisis lingüístico demuestra la
combinación y conexión de expresiones que exteriorizan los actos comunicativos.
Se hace mayor hincapié en formas lingüísticas como el léxico, la referencia, la coherencia (argumentación), la interacción de semántica y sintaxis (modalidad, aspectos, tiempo, negación, modificación adverbial, etc.), así como también
en las manifestaciones del
lenguaje
corporal del actor del discurso y además se puede observar que las diferencias
de género son un hecho fundamental de la vida humana y no es sorprendente
encontrarlas reflejadas en el lenguaje; por lo tanto,
la atención al uso del lenguaje en el contexto
social es muy importante.
Palabras clave
Análisis, habla, lenguaje corporal, lenguaje femenino, lingüística.
Abstract
The
aim of this article is to present through practical examples a discourse
analysis of Dr. Cynthia Viteri, who was considered as the subject
of this analysis
because she is actually one of
the most prominent
women in Ecuadorian politics and the highest authority of the city of
Guayaquil, Ecuador. Linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, the new
dialectology and what in the Anglo-Saxon field is called "feminist
linguistics" have been providing data for decades to show, in terms of how
to use the languages, the way men and women construct and manifest themselves
differently. This research work has a descriptive approach, and it was developed
through the continuous observation of videos
and conferences issued
by the current mayor of
Guayaquil, Dr. Cynthia Viteri Jiménez, which are reproduced through the YouTube channel
and correspond to the months between January
and November 2019. The
linguistic analysis shows the combination and connection of expressions that externalize
the communicative acts. Greater emphasis is placed on linguistic forms such as
lexicon, reference, coherence (argumentation), the interaction of semantics and
syntax (modality, aspects, time, negation,
modification adverbial, etc.), as well as the speaker’s body language
manifestations. Although, it is possible to observe that the gender differences
are a fundamental fact of human life and it is not surprising to find them
reflected in language; therefore, attention to the use of language in the social
context is very important.
Keywords
Analysis,
spech, body language, female language, linguistics.
1. Introduction
There are more and more studies
that address the relationships between
linguistic uses and sexual differences. Linguistic anthropology, sociolinguistics, the new dialectology and what
in the Anglo-Saxon field is called "feminist linguistics" have been providing data for decades that show how men and women are
constructed and manifest themselves differently in terms of how to use the languages. Likewise,
“the sexist uses of languages
are being revealed and ways of use are proposed that
allow women to be named” (Tusón, 2016, p. 138).
This
research work has a descriptive approach and was developed through the
continuous observation of videos
and conferences issued by the current mayor of Guayaquil
Dr. Cynthia Viteri Jiménez,
which are reproduced on the Youtube channel and from January and November 2019.
The main axes that have promoted research around linguistic diversity linked to sexual differences have been differences in linguistic acquisition according to sex; forms of cultural transmission and,
in particular, the acquisition and development of communicative competence in
children, boys, and girls. From a linguistic-discursive perspective, the first works on linguistic diversity and the sexual difference that have had a
great impact and become a must-see are those of Lakoff (1975) and Tannen
(1994). In the same way, to know the opinion of linguists and grammarians
regarding the speech of women, see the third chapter
of the work of Lozano Domingo (1995),
as well as the book by
Yaguello (1978).
Also, from the perspective of critical discourse
analysis, see the works that appear in Wodak's work (1997).
This
research consists of four parts: the first corresponds to the compilation of
the videos of Cynthia Viteri, from January to November 2019; as a second part,
the video observation focused on the verbal and non-verbal aspects was made; as
a third part, the linguistic aspects of the discourse were analysed in detail
and finally, the examples corresponding to the topics related to the particular
discursive analysis were recorded within the female linguistic aspects.
2.
Female
language in the 21st century
Much
is said about the advances in the female posture that broke through the 1970s
and was strengthened in the 1980s, however, as far as women are concerned,
"since ancient times and as a consequence of their biological and natural
characteristics and possibilities, she was prepared
to care for and educate
children lovingly, teaching
them the possibility of being expressive and showing emotions in different life
situations" (Moreno, 2016, p. 1). This means that the woman was educated
only to stay at home, to form a good home, to be a good housewife and an
exemplary wife. Learning for women was only in the area of domestic work, care, and care for her husband
and children. That is, the role of the wife was
considered to be the most important to perform in a social environment.
Besides, certain
authors point out that "the
twentieth century has been that of the discovery
of women, of their revolution and now in the twenty-first century will be the
century of women" (Arnedo, et al., 2006, p. 2). Although it is very true that women still have a long way to go to move from entitlements to
facts, it is worth acknowledging that in recent productivity studies they
recommend the promotion of women for business leadership. It seems that female skills
are more profitable for open modern
systems of networking, group work, and solidarity.
As
examples of women's advances in 21st-century politics, we can cite the
following:
The current Norwegian government requires that there be
at least two women in all the boards of directors, this century seems to be giving way to women in the world,
so closed and traditionally male, especially in the
world of politics, so by Example to the to end the first period of this
century, there were in the world five women presidents in different countries:
Ireland, Latvia, Finland, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka; and four prime
ministers: Angela Merkel, the newly elected Chancellor of Germany, Helen
Elizabeth Clark in New Zealand, Khaleda Zia in Bangladesh, and Luisa Diogo in
Mozambique. Europe, Oceania, Asia and Africa, America was missing and, at the
beginning of 2006, Michelle Bachelet was elected president of Chile. Within
days, Ellen Johnson Sirleaf was acclaimed president of Liberia. Besides, it
should be emphasized that four women have reached the highest levels of
political power in Europe, three in Asia, two in Africa, one in America and one
in Oceania (Arnedo, et al., 2006, p. 3).
As
can be seen, the female figure has gained prestige in the 21st century,
especially in the political domain and this can be verified in his body
expression, which is not so different from the men’s body language. Most of
them use the same facial expressions and, for the most part, the same body
language to express how they feel, how they attract each other, how they seek
attention, and what their signs of anxiety are.
The
female linguistic characteristics such as body expression, facial expression,
morphosyntax, lexicon, proxemic, prosodic have allowed women to gain ground in
all spaces and more recognized in the political domain.
3.
Materiales y métodos
The
present research work has a descriptive approach and was developed through the
continuous observation of videos and conferences issued
by the current mayor of Guayaquil
Dr. Cynthia Viteri Jiménez, which are transmitted by the Youtube channel and
months between January and November 2019. Currently, Cynthia Viteri Jiménez has
a very diverse audience, which makes her an interesting character for the elaboration of a scientific article.
The
procedure for conducting this research work consisted of following a series of
steps, which are the following:
1.
Compilation of the videos of
Cynthia Viteri, which involved downloading the videos of the Youtube channel,
corresponding to the months from January to November 2019 to be able to
separate them for months;
2.
The observation of all the videos
collected, focused on verbal and non-verbal aspects from the perspective of the
pragmatic, was then made;
3.
The linguistic aspects of discourses were then analysed
in detail and carefully: body language, implications, assumptions,
acts of speech, interaction, cooperation, rapport, and female linguistic characteristics;
4.
Finally, after an observation
process and analysis of the collected videos, we proceeded to record the
examples corresponding to the topics related to the particular discursive
analysis within the female linguistic aspects.
To
carry out this research process, the following videos were used:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrpIEnRs7NY;
Theme: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s;Theme: Entrevista a la Alcaldesa – RTS. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7e4mA8XUdg; Theme: La propuesta de Cynthia
Viteri para la Alcaldía de Guayaquil. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DUNxbzi-oU;
Theme: Cynthia Viteri critica medidas económicas del Gobierno. https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=vPJQKA5rJMg, Theme: Cynthia Viteri – enlace Radio Centro. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCKEesewxfk, Context:
¡Con Guayaquil no se juega!
4.
Speech Analysis
After
the observation process, different examples taken from the videos of Cynthia
Viteri Jiménez published on Youtube were chosen, as she says in her lectures,
without any alteration; taking into account their female stance in the
political domain. The examples listed below are classified according to the
topics discussed and explained above.
4.1 Deixis
4.1.1 Personal
|
Example 01
|
… esto es una tarea de nunca
acabar Luisa, mi compromiso no sé
no
solamente será
continuar en la desintoxicación y seguir firmando os convenios que nos
permitan salvar vidas …
|
|
Example 02
|
… recién
llegamos al acuerdo de la semana pasada les diré el nombre del médico cabe destacar que los médicos
en algunas de
estas operaciones no
cobran nada nosotros
ponemos hospital
|
|
anestesista recuperación ponemos todos nosotros ponemos hospital anestesista
recuperación ponemos todo …
|
|
Context:
Interview to the Major -RTS1
|
4.1.2 Espatial
|
Example 03
|
Guayaquil traerá los mejores
equipos para este nuevo centro de
rehabilitación física que además podrá atender a los
niños con parálisis cerebral para este
nuevo centro de rehabilitación física
|
|
|
Context: Entrevista a la
alcaldesa -RTS2
|
|
Example 04
|
… ahora podemos ver con claridad cuál es el verdadero
impacto de las medidas económicas adoptadas por este gobierno…
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri
criticizes the economic measures3
|
4.1.3 Temporal
|
Example 05
|
Ayer acabamos de dar a nuestros niños de la
Escuela “4 de enero”, niños no videntes, un aparatito hecho por Walt ...
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri – enlace radio centro4
|
|
Example 06
|
… el gobierno
no acaba de subir los pasajes del transporte público y de carga en todo el
país esa es la verdadera medida que tomó el
gobierno hace pocos días en
materia económica …
|
|
|
Context: Interview to the Major -RTS5
|
Table
1. Deixis
4.2
References
and Inferences
4.2.1 References
|
Example 07
|
… es un placer estar con ustedes ahora en esta ...
|
|
|
Analysis: Refers to journalists from Radio Élite.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri – enlace radio centro6
|
|
Example 08
|
… esta nueva modalidad en
exteriores que ...
|
|
|
Analysis: It refers to the exteriors of the mayor of Guayaquil.
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error!
Marcador no definido.
|
4.2.2 Inferences
|
Example 09
|
… qué bien de aquí mire un tema que realmente me resalta el
presupuesto del 40 por ciento del presupuesto será destinado para la obra social
esto se decidió
en la última sesión esto
va a ser
replicado
todos los años permanente me he puesto del municipio 40 por ciento para la
obra social permanentemente …
|
|
|
Analysis:
The percentage of earmarked is sufficient for this activity.
Analysis: The budget has already been approved.
|
1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s
2 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s
3 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3DUNxbzi-oU
4 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPJQKA5rJMg
5 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s
6 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPJQKA5rJMg
|
Analysis: A statistical study has been done before the
adoption of the budget.
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri –
Radio Élite ¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
|
4.2.3 Names and references
|
Example 10
|
… la doctora Cynthia Viteri,
un gusto …
|
|
|
Analysis: In reference to the Mayor of Guayaquil.
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
|
|
Example 11 …
haciendo matriz desde Radio Élite nos …
|
|
|
Analysis: Radio Elite interviews
Cynthia Viteri
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri –
Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no definido.
|
4.2.4 Co-texto
|
Example 12
|
… está más en la mira de convenciones de eventos internacionales que dejan,
desde el taxista
desde el transporte urbano económico,
desde la gastronomía hoteles y todo dinero
en el bolsillo de los
guayaquileños de la gente que
trabaja aquí, es un evento importantísimo que lo va a tener Guayaquil …
|
|
|
Analysis: “guayaquileños” refers
to the citizens of the city of Guayaquil directly or indirectly favoured by
this event.
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri –
Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no definido.
|
4.2.5 Anaphoric
reference
|
Example 13
|
... su sueño y coincidió con su cumpleaños …
|
|
|
Analysis: she refers to Sergio
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no definido.
|
|
Example 14 … así es que los concejales todos los quince
le dieron una bicicleta
por su cumpleaños …
|
|
|
Analysis: she refers to Sergio
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no definido.
|
Table
2. References and Inferences
4.3
Presuppositions
and declarations
4.3.1
Potential
|
Example 15
|
… este yo
quiero que sea un programa permanente, poder ir realizando sueños a niños que
tengan algún tipo de enfermedad
catastrófica y que puedan realizar su sueño …
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error!
Marcador no definido.
|
4.3.2
Existential
|
Example 16
|
… pero que le he propuesto al gobierno central
es su responsabilidad el tema de las drogas........ su
sueño y coincidió con
su cumpleaños …
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri –
Radio Élite¡Error!
Marcador no definido.
|
|
Example 17 …
y un mensaje final a las mamás que tenemos o que tienen yo
tengo nietos pequeños a las mamás
que tienen sus hijos pequeños nosotros tenemos que llegar antes …
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no definido.
4.3.3
Factive
|
Example 18
|
… también hay otra posibilidad vamos a tomar la que mayor gente cubra mayor
necesidad allá también hay una que
sale …
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri –
Radio Élite¡Error!
Marcador no definido.
|
4.3.4 Lexical
|
Example 19
|
… ciertamente ya estamos, como dice la
canción no hay cama para tanta gente, y es cada vez que estamos un poquito
más apretados
…
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error!
Marcador no definido.
|
4.3.5 Structural
|
Example 20
|
… lo que sí, personalmente sigo
insistiendo, es la renovación de la metrovía siguen muchos ...
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error!
Marcador no definido.
|
4.3.6 No-Factive
|
Example 21
|
… este yo
quiero que sea un programa permanente, poder ir realizando sueños a niños que tengan algún tipo
de enfermedad
catastrófica y que puedan
realizar su sueño …
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri –
Radio Élite¡Error!
Marcador no definido.
|
4.3.7 Factual
|
Example 22
|
… la gente está
pagando 35 centavos por rodar en estos buses que
son eléctricos y que tienen aire
acondicionado por ir más cómodos sin ningún problema …
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
|
Table
3. Presuppositions and declarations
4.4
Cooperation
4.4.1
Maximum
quantity
|
Example 23
|
Gabriela Uquillas: ¿Cuáles son las alternativas que ha propuesto el municipio y qué
tienen en mente en relación con la vialidad la vialidad del transporte
pesado?
Cynthia Viteri: “esa vía no aguanta más tránsito la vía la costa no aguanta más
tránsito y recuerda que también por la misma vía está proyectado el aeropuerto cuyos estudios ya estoy retomando
y la nueva terminal
satélite terrestre también vía la costa es un polo de desarrollo y el único
sitio para dónde va a crecer …”
|
|
|
Analysis: Cynthia in answering
the reporter's question gives information with many details.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri talked to
5 citizens about the future of Guayaquil7
|
7 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuGVMJ0JI6k
|
Example 24
|
Luisa - Entrevistadora RTS: ¿Cuál va a ser específicamente el aporte que nosotros sumaremos
como ciudad con usted como la primera autoridad de Guayaquil a la cabeza para
contribuir a la seguridad del puerto principal?
Cynthia Viteri: “apoyar a la policía nacional tanto con recursos con tecnología y con infraestructura si podemos resumir
cuál es la propuesta y la acción desde el
municipio de Guayaquil que como tú sabes luisa no le compete la seguridad
competencia exclusiva del estado hemos llegado a un convenio con el
ministerio del
interior- y
también con el consejo de la judicatura y la fiscalía general del estado…”
|
|
|
Analysis: Cynthia in answering the
question gives many details about which institutions take part in the
security and about the
conventions made to solve the problem of insecurity.
|
|
|
Context: Interview to the Major -RTS8
|
4.4.2
Relationship maxims
|
Example 25
|
Gabriela Uquillas: ¿Cuáles son las alternativas que ha propuesto el municipio y qué
tienen en mente en relación con la vialidad la vialidad del transporte
pesado?
Cynthia Viteri: “esa vía no aguanta más tránsito la vía la costa no aguanta más tránsito
y recuerda que también por la misma vía está
proyectado el aeropuerto cuyos estudios ya estoy retomando
y la nueva terminal
satélite terrestre también vía la costa es un polo de desarrollo y el único
sitio para dónde va a crecer …”
|
|
|
Analysis: Cynthia Viteri does not
respond directly the question that the reporter asked her.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri Cynthia
Viteri talked to 5 citizens about the future of Guayaquil9
|
|
Example 26
|
Entrevistadora RTS:
¿Cuál va a ser específicamente el aporte que nosotros sumaremos como ciudad con
usted como la primera autoridad de Guayaquil a la cabeza para contribuir a la
seguridad del puerto principal?
Cynthia Viteri: “apoyar a la Policía Nacional tanto con recursos con tecnología y con
infraestructura si podemos resumir cuáles propuestas y la acción desde el
Municipio de Guayaquil que como tú sabes Luisa no le compete la seguridad
competencia exclusiva del Estado hemos llegado a un convenio con el
Ministerio del
Interior- y
también con el Consejo de la Judicatura y la Fiscalía General del Estado…”
|
|
|
Analysis: Cynthia Viteri answers the
question, but indirectly by providing a lot of information.
|
|
|
Context: Interview to the Major -RTS10
|
8 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s
9 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SuGVMJ0JI6k
10 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s
Cuadro
4. Cooperación
4.5 Implicatures
4.5.1
Escalar
|
Example 27
|
… un gusto un, placer estar con
ustedes ahora en esta nueva
modalidad en exteriores …
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite11
|
|
Example 28
|
… haciendo
matriz desde radio Élite nos represa en varias emisoras un abrazo a todos pues sí a la orden yo quería
tomar un
tema de la semana …
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite12
|
4.5.2
Conversational
|
Example 29
|
… pero su sueño era ser alcalde por un día y hemos establecido un programa en la dirección de acción social, Boris para hacer
realidad los sueños de los niños sobre todo los niños que padecen enfermedades muy duras
como cáncer hay
otros niños también que tienen otro tipo de
enfermedades catastróficas muy muy duras y queremos hacer este programa se llama fin consiste en
que si en este caso
Sergio había tenido
el sueño es ser alcalde pueda estar presente en una sesión dio inicio a la sesión
…
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
|
4.5.3
Conventional
|
Example 30
|
… presenció todo lo trataban como alcalde desde el principio,
desde que llegó al municipio los
policías municipales que se le cuadraban cuando él pasaba ...
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
|
Table
5. Implicatures
4.6
Speech Acts
4.6.1
Locutionary Acts
|
Example 31
|
… gracias a esas mil cien cámaras, nosotros podemos ver dónde hay
accidentes de tránsito incendio y situaciones de riesgo y también vemos
asaltos vemos agresiones vemos bandas y qué hemos hecho nosotros, hasta ahora
la policía si tienen algún
representante
voluntariamente porque va siempre van hay que decirlo claro ellos van en la
corporación
|
|
|
Analysis: The purpose of this speech is to “inform”
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri - Enlace Radio Águila13
|
|
Example 32
|
… otra buena
noticia John y para todos
los que me escuchan es que
hicimos juntos con el Banco
del Pacífico con
su con quien
lo dirige
Efraín Vieira el convenio del banco de oportunidades de manera
|
11 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrpIEnRs7NY
12 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrpIEnRs7NY
13
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8gZRwVIDuU
|
distinta que
hicimos ahora los créditos no van no son hasta 500 dólares van de 500 dólares
hasta 1500 dólares eso lo logramos en
estos 60 días …
|
|
Analysis: The purpose of this
context is to “inform
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri
- Enlace Radio
Águila¡Error! Marcador no definido.
|
4.6.2
Ilocucionary
Acts
|
Example 33
|
… gracias a esas mil cien cámaras nosotros podemos ver dónde hay
accidentes de tránsito incendio y situaciones de riesgo y también vemos
asaltos vemos agresiones vemos bandas y que hemos hecho nosotros hasta ahora
la policía si tienen algún
representante
voluntariamente porque va siempre van hay que decirlo claro ellos van en la
corporación ...
|
|
|
Analysis: The purpose of this
speech is to inform the public that the security issue is one of the
priorities for the mayor.
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri - Enlace Radio Águila¡Error! Marcador no definido.
|
|
Example 34
|
… otra buena
noticia John y para todos
los que me escuchan es que
hicimos juntos con el Banco
del Pacífico con su con quien lo dirige
Efraín Vieira el convenio del banco de oportunidades de manera distinta que hicimos ahora los créditos
no van no son hasta 500
dólares van de 500 dólares hasta
1500 dólares eso lo logramos en estos 60 días …
|
|
|
Analysis: The purpose of this context is to communicate to the
Guayaquil residents about the new
possibilities of credits, which they can access at the Pacific Bank.
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia
Viteri - Enlace
Radio Águila¡Error! Marcador no definido.
|
4.6.3
Perlocucionary Acts
|
Example 35
|
… gracias a esas mil cien cámaras nosotros podemos ver dónde hay
accidentes de tránsito incendio y situaciones de riesgo y también vemos
asaltos vemos agresiones vemos bandas y que hemos hecho nosotros hasta ahora
la policía si tienen algún representante voluntariamente porque va siempre
van hay que
decirlo claro ellos van en la
corporación ...
|
|
|
Analysis: The effect of this speech is
to reassure citizens about the issue of crime, telling them that more
security options for citizens
have been incorporated.
|
|
|
Context: Dra.
Cynthia Viteri - Enlace Radio Águila¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
|
|
Example 36
|
… otra buena
noticia John y para todos
los que me escuchan es que
hicimos juntos con el Banco
del Pacífico con su con quien lo dirige
Efraín Vieira el convenio del banco de oportunidades de manera distinta que hicimos ahora los créditos
no van no son hasta 500
dólares van de 500 dólares hasta
1500 dólares eso lo logramos en estos 60 días …
|
|
|
Analysis: The effect that causes this information is to encourage
Guayaquil residents to apply to
new bank credit opportunities.
|
|
|
Context: Dra.
Cynthia Viteri - Enlace Radio Águila¡Error! Marcador no
definido.
|
Table
6. Speech acts
4.7
Speech
Classification
4.7.1
Representatives
|
Example 37
|
… yo creo que el embarazo y lo digo
solo de manera particular en mi caso específico me salvó de otro destino
me salvó y otro destino
porque a esa edad a mí no me importaba nada …
|
|
|
Analysis:
Cynthia Viteri, from her point of view, indicates that in one way or another
pregnancy marked her life in a very positive way for her professional life.
|
|
|
Context: CatolicaTV - Perfil Cynthia Viteri14
|
|
Example 38
|
… yo
creo que por eso Dios nos guía y podemos o tratamos como nos esforzamos
por hacer las cosas bien cuesta mucho trabajo ... hasta 500 dólares van de
500 dólares hasta 1500 dólares eso lo
logramos en estos 60 días …
|
|
|
Analysis: In this part of the video Viteri shares her faith in God,
who for her is a very important pillar in her entire life
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri, la alcaldesa: "Guayaquil es mi
corazón" -
MarielaTV15
|
4.7.2
Expressive
|
Example 39
|
… el trabajo
más emocionante lo que más me gusta de todo esto es la calle me encanta poder
regresar a la calle me asfixia en los
escritorios …
|
|
|
Analysis: Cynthia Viteri expresses that she loves being in the
streets, instead of being in an office.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri, la alcaldesa: "Guayaquil es mi
corazón" -
MarielaTV15
|
|
Example 40
|
… no me gustaba la locución fui muy
poco tiempo locutora porque era muy tenso tener que estar arreglada, pintada,
maquillada vestida a una hora determinada …
|
|
|
Analysis: The Mayor of Guayaquil shares that she
worked as an announcer for a while, but it was an activity she did not like.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri, la
alcaldesa: "Guayaquil es mi corazón" - MarielaTV15
|
4.7.3 Directives
|
Example 41
|
… la democracia la democracia no caerá en las calles de Guayaquil y
menos un 9 de octubre que viva Guayaquil …
|
|
|
Analysis: With this speech, Cynthia Viteri tries to persuade the
people of Guayaquil to do not allow people outside the
city to destroy what they have built for years.
|
|
|
Context: said this in her speech
at the march for peace in Guayaquil - Teleamazonas16
|
14 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpGT43wQOXI
15 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUW2MDNTD7c
16
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lKe9TkSfM7E
|
Example 42
|
… somos la
policía que aguantó humillación y golpe para no caer en la provocación somos
los agentes de la gn, de los
metropolitanos, de justicia y vigilancia del mercado
del municipio de Guayaquil que terminaron …
|
|
|
Analysis: In this video, Cynthia Viteri, through the speech in the
march for peace motivates its citizens to take care
of their city and
do not allow themselves to fall into the provocation that can cause
an irreparable damage in
Guayaquil.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri said this
in her speech at the march for peace in Guayaquil – Teleamazonas16
|
4.7.4
Commissives
|
Example 43
|
… llegamos a un acuerdo que beneficia a los guayaquileños porque eso es lo que me compete por un lado nosotros haremos la desintoxicación con
medicamentos aprobados por el ministerio
psiquiátrico y
en personal psicólogos y psiquiatras también nuestra primera clínica de
rehabilitación móvil …
|
|
|
Analysis: Cynthia Viteri indicates that she has a plan for the future,
such as the detoxification of young drug
addicts, which will be
accomplished in a not too distant future.
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri - Enlace radial Radio Centro17
|
|
Example 44
|
…
ese es nuestro nuevo plan y llegaré a un acuerdo
porque sé que lo haremos con el ministerio de educación para poder ir a las
escuelas fiscales y prevenir en nuestros niños que sean los próximos
que caigan en este desastre …
|
|
|
Analysis: In this interview, Mayor Cynthia Viteri announces to her
audience the plan she has to
improve the quality of Education.
|
|
|
Context: Interview Mayor Cynthia Viteri – RTS18
|
Table
7. Speech Classification
4.8
Politeness
and Interaction
4.8.1
Politeness
Amabilidad
|
Example 45
|
… llegar nosotras y nosotros
antes que ellos al corazón a la mente y a la inteligencia en nuestro sitio en
un abrazo para ustedes …
|
|
|
Analysis: ustedes, she
refers to the Radio Élite’s audience
|
|
|
Context: Dra. Cynthia Viteri – Radio Élite 19
|
Table
8. Politeness and Interaction
After
an in-depth analysis from each of the examples described above and with the
observation of Dr. Cynthia Viteri's videos, it has been possible to observe
some of her own linguistic feminine characteristics, the same ones that can be
evidenced in the following examples taken from his videos.
4.9 Prosody and paralinguistics elements
17 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vPJQKA5rJMg
18
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s
19 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LrpIEnRs7NY
|
Example 01
|
… de esta alianza en donde el Municipio de Guayaquil iba a colaborar para
ser puntual (finales ascendentes) eficientemente en la comunicación inmediata (cambio de entonación más enfática) de
un hecho delincuencial para que la policía actúe de manera efectiva y reduzca
sus tiempos para llegar (finales
ascendentes) inmediatamente al sitio del hecho (cambio de entonación más enfática) nuestra colaboración era
tecnológica y vamos a tener un solo sistema (finales ascendentes) el 911 se iba a integrar al nuestro y de
esa manera cuando alguien era víctima y un hecho delictivo el patrullero más cercano con gps que también les íbamos a dar (cambio de tonos de voz con tendencias a
tonos más agudos) nosotros a los patrulleros o nuestro personal iba a ir
inmediatamente en auxilio el ciudadano ese era nuestro claro qué pasó después
de las conversaciones siguieron (cambio
de tonos de voz con tendencias a tonos más
agudos) dándose semanas en
donde se reunieron delegados de cada una de estas funciones y ...
|
|
|
Context: ¡Con Guayaquil no se juega Contexto!20
|
|
Example 02
|
… y queriendo que Guayaquil caiga en una trampa (alargamientos vocálicos), un mensaje escrito de la ministra del interior nos decía como guayaquileños, que estaba lista
para firmar para que Guayaquil, el municipio (alargamientos vocálicos), que ella sabe porque es abogada, para
que el municipio, se haga
cargo de la seguridad integral (cambios de
entonación más enfáticos y alargamientos vocálicos) de la ciudad ...
|
|
|
Context: ¡Con Guayaquil no se juega!20
|
4.9.1
Morphosyntax
|
Example 03
|
… de firmar el convenio señores luego de que ya todos se habían
puesto de acuerdo en una mesa con representantes del ministerio
del interior- aceptando este engranaje de fuerzas y nosotros poniendo toda nuestra colaboración (haciendo referencia
a los miembros del Consejo
Municipal de Guayaquil) al día anterior de la firma es decir al día anterior
del 25 de julio el ministerio del interior- mandó un nuevo convenio
desconociendo todos los acordados por todas las autoridades en esa mesa jugando con
Guayaquil ...
|
|
|
Context: ¡Con Guayaquil no se juega!20
|
|
Example 04
|
… nos mandaron a decir (haciendo referencia a los miembros del Consejo Municipal de Guayaquil) que estaban de acuerdo en
el convenio inicial, dio sorpresa de mala fe con absoluta mala fe y queriendo que
Guayaquil caiga en una trampa, un mensaje escrito de la ministra del interior nos
decía como guayaquileños (haciendo referencia a los miembros del Consejo Municipal de
Guayaquil), que estaba lista
para firmar para
que Guayaquil, el
|
20 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nCKEesewxfk
|
municipio, que ella sabe porque es abogada, para que
el municipio se haga cargo de la seguridad integral de la ciudad ...
|
|
Context: ¡Con
Guayaquil no se juega!20
|
4.9.2 Lexicon
|
Example 05
|
… así es que no hay tiempo, la
vida tan pequeñita cambia Mariela
tan pequeñita hace poco éramos veinteañeras ahora yo soy más de 50, 53 tú no …
|
|
|
Analysis: In this context, a diminutive is used to refer to the great
affection and emotion that
reminds her of the time
she was young.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri, la alcaldesa: "Guayaquil
es mi corazón" - MarielaTV21
|
|
Example 06
|
… me incorporé y cuando ya me incorporé ya tenía tres hijos Johana
Julie y Juliana y ahora a ellos ya tienen la 36 el otro 30 la otra 28 y mis bebés que son mis gemelos de 18 años
varón y mujer que ya se gradúa
en este año ingresar a la universidad y que ahora
son desde que
nacieron son como mis niños pequeñitos
y no termino de verlos crecer nunca creo ...
|
|
|
Analysis: This video specifically talks about her family, her life;
therefore, you can see the affection and emotion when
expressing her family, as well as she uses diminutives to emphasize
the great
love for her children.
|
|
|
Context: CatólicaTV - Perfil Cynthia Viteri22
|
4.9.3 Textual theme organization
|
Example 07
|
… lo único que no puedes hacer es quedarte sentado esperando a ver
qué haces no para esparcir estar estudiando ya el pre de una carrera y sé
pero que sigue en el camino vas a saber pero y en el análisis que pasa en la retrospectiva que pasa en pensar y
hacer una yo no soy de eso,
yo tengo como tu, camino,
camino, camino, camino, si hay una y decidido por qué camino ir
exacto, exacto pero todo rápido todo el vuelo así es que no hay tiempo
la vida tan pequeñita cambia
bailar tan pequeñita
hace poco
éramos ingeniera ahora yo soy más de 50 …
|
|
|
Analysis: In this part you can clearly see the interruptions by the
two people (Cynthia and Mariela), feminine linguistic
characteristics, which indicate cooperation and indicate understanding of the subject as well.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri, la
alcaldesa: "Guayaquil es mi corazón" -
MarielaTV23
|
|
Example 08
|
… respondiendo a tu pregunta ningún acto de violencia venga de donde
venga y si se da pues va a ser sancionado no
|
21 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUW2MDNTD7c
22
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FpGT43wQOXI
23 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUW2MDNTD7c
|
solamente administrativamente sino
que si el caso lo amerita
vaso tras día hasta entonces en general los agentes de la policía
metropolitana o sea lo que se analiza van a ir destinados a término seguridad
en general es un programa piloto y vamos a seguir cuidando el orden de la
ciudad y
protegiendo a la gente de la delincuencia pero de manera cómo lo deben hacer cada funcionario
del Municipio …
|
|
Analysis:
In this video, you can clearly see the interruptions in the interview
questions, without losing the thread of the topic, which
indicates cooperation and
understanding of these questions.
|
|
Context: The proposals of Cynthia Viteri for the
Mayor's Office of Guayaquil - Teleamazonas24
|
4.9.4
Non
verbals elements (Kinesics y proxemics)
|
Example 09
|
Analysis: In this video, you can
show the cross-legged posture and the use of the hands to express and answer
the questions.
|
|
|
Context: Mayor Cynthia Viteri’s interview - RTS 25
|
|
Example 10
|
Analysis: It is very clear the proximity between Mariela and
Cynthia at the time of speaking,
as well as the crossed legs throughout the interview, hand movement and
facial gestures.
|
|
|
Context: Cynthia Viteri, la
alcaldesa: "Guayaquil es mi corazón" – MarielaTV26
|
Table
9. Prosody and paralinguistics elements
4.10
Analysis characteristics
Other aspects
of meaning depend
more on the context and the communicative intentions of the
speakers, and that it should be considered that “communication depends not only
on recognizing the meanings of the words but also on what the speakers mean at
that specific time” (Álvarez, 2019, p. 15). The discipline that helps to
understand these meanings is Pragmatics, i.e., the interpretation of the meanings
in the context of extra linguistic elements and communicative situations.
The invisible
meaning must be taken into account, "recognize what is meant even when it is not said" (Yule, 2006, p. 112).
The two main types of context are studied: the linguistic (context) and the physical. Quite related to the latter
is the concept of deixis,
as can be seen in Table 1;
concerning the concept of reference as in Table 2, thus, it is not the words
that refer by themselves, but the people. It should not be confused with
inference, which refers to the process by which conclusions are derived from propositions.
The
anaphora, consists in the repetition of one or several words at the beginning
of two or more lines of a verse
of a stanza or a sentence, it corresponds to the second
time a reference is used, the first is the antecedent; on the other
hand, the presuppositions are what a speaker assumes is true or known to as a
listener, as can be seen in Table 3. It continues with speech acts and studies how their use both direct
and indirect is related to courtesy or
24 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z7e4mA8XUdg
25 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RXUL05XIj6s
26
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sUW2MDNTD7c
image,
either negative or positive. Speech analysis deals with the study of language
in texts and conversations. Table 4 shows the analysis of conversations and how
the participants can act when they take turns and manage endpoints. The
principle of cooperation with Grice's four maxims is also analyzed:
a)
Maxims of quantity, when
information necessary for the purpose of the conversation is provided.
b) Maxims of quality, the information provided must be truthful.
c)
Maxims
of relation, if the contribution of information is relevant to the topic of the
conversation.
d)
Maxims of manner, the information
should be clear and brief to avoid ambiguities.
Unlike syntactic
and semantic rules, pragmatic principles and conventions work both when they are apparently violated, “when
speaker S has listener H to recognize the apparent violation and to make the
appropriate contextual adjustment, such as when they are observed or they violate
with ostentation” (Horn & Ward,
2006, p. 8). Therefore, neither
the principle of cooperation nor the corresponding maxims are designed
as prescriptions for ethical actions or as ethnographic observations, a more
precise approach is to see them as predetermined configurations whose mutual
awareness is shared by the speech of the participants.
4.11
Female
language’s characteristics
Through
both, observation and interviewing, it is possible to gather information on how
speech acts are performed in a given speech community, such as for example, in
the workplace where requests are made to colleagues, they reject requests from
older people status and thank people on duty, such as cafeteria workers or
custodians, example in Table
5. The way to point it out must be related to “what they say / how they
say it, speed of delivery and tone of voice / and their nonverbal
behavior as facial expressions, body posture
and gestures say” (Ishihara & Cohen, 2010, p. 230). Depending on the language
and culture, it may be
strategic for the speaker to adjust the performance of the speech act according
to the age, relative status or gender of the listener, as it can be seen in Table 6. He or she would
also need to know what it means to ask something, for example a car, in this
particular context, that is, how large is the obligation that is considered in that culture,
if a car is a daily
necessity or a luxury and in that specific context, borrow a new car and
relatively valuable compared to an old "spare" car.
Therefore,
"the natural discourse recovered through the corpus data reveals that it
could take several turns for the interaction to resolve itself, in one way or
another" (Ishihara and Cohen, 2010, p. 238). The realization of effective speech
acts is related
not only based
on the knowledge of what is appropriate or not in certain cultures,
but also of the knowledge of the language to
do them appropriately, as example is Table 7.
Some
of the main female language characteristics are mentioned:
The desire to include other participants as equals in the
speech, emphasizing the relationship with them; extreme attention to outside
words and external messages - verbal or nonverbal; the express indication of
their listening and involvement in the conversation; a search for privacy; the development of issues in a cooperative way. While for the
masculine style, he mentions the desire to affirm himself in front of the other
participants; their participation is measured more by the type of intervention
than by the demonstration of attention; a search for objectivity and distancing; the development of themes individually and
frequently
competitively; a seemingly hostile expression of male solidarity (Bengoechea,
1996, p. 3).
Women's
body language is not so different from men's body language. Everyone uses the
same facial expressions and, for the most part, the same body language to express how they
feel, how they attract each other, how they seek attention, and what their
signs of anxiety are.
It
is estimated that “women can effortlessly pronounce an average of 6,000 to
8,000 words a day” (Pease & Pease, 2001, p. 98). In addition to that you
can additionally use between 2,000 and 3,000 sounds to communicate, and about 10,000
gestures and facial
expressions. More than 20,000 communication units to transmit a certain
message. While man, on the other hand, uses only between 2,000 and 4,000 words,
between 1,000 and 2,000 sounds and emits at most 3,000 body language
signals. In other words, its daily average
amounts to about 7,000
communication units. A third of what women emit.
Besides, it is added that, at the time of communicating, “women think out loud and consider
this type of behaviour as a gesture
of friendship because
speaking they allow others to share
their thoughts” (Pease & Pease, 2001, p. 99). Moreover, they release their
feelings to face them better. However,
men do not usually understand this attitude and understand it as the woman
is passing them a list of problems
to solve as soon as possible. However,
they do not expect answers, but to have someone who listens to them
carefully or confirms what they say, as example is Table 8.
It can be noted that, for men, “conversation is the way to negotiate their status in the
group and prevent people from pushing around them. Man uses the talk to
preserve his independence” (Tannen, 1991, p. 21). Women, on the other hand, use
conversation to negotiate closeness and intimacy; In fact, talking is the
essence of intimacy, so being best friends means sitting and talking. For boys,
on the other hand, activities, doing things together, are central. Simply
sitting and talking
is not an essential part of friendship. Besides, for women, talking about problems is the essence of
the connection, see Table 9. Men, however, when they hear the problems, interpret it as a request for advice, so they respond with a solution.
If an explanation for the above is sought,
it could be mentioned anthropologically that “men evolved as
food hunters, not as communicators” (Pease & Pease, 2001, p. 89). Instead,
women used to spend their days in the company of other women and children in
the group and therefore developed the ability to communicate successfully in
order to maintain relationships.
The
evolution from the fundamentally individualistic subsistence activities of the
higher primates to the complex cooperative enterprise of hunting and gathering
surely required efficient communication. A popular hypothesis of language
development includes the idea that in a first stage it would have been a
gesture language - gesturing, remember, it is something that human beings do
frequently, especially when they do not find the right words.
5. Conclusions
The
feminine language is manifested in Dra. Cynthia Viteri in a very clear and
evident way, such as the use of prosody, paralinguistic elements, body
language, and a more emphatic intonation, vocal lengthening, also makes a
change in tone of voice when you need to emphasize something very important. As
well as frequent use of vocalizations such as (mmm, aha or similar) to indicate
that you are following the dialogue or an interview.
Another
important element about feminine language is morphosyntax where it makes use of
the second person of the singular and the first person of the plural, to
include the person or persons with whom she is interacting. Besides, the
frequent use of interrogative and exclamative sentences is observed (nooo ?, truue ?, eeeh ?, what if yess ?, do not you
thinnk?).
In
the dialogues presented by Dra. Viteri, the vocabulary refers to private areas
such as family and home; while the affections are manifested in the use of
diminutives and words that belong to the lexical
part of the feminine language.
The thematic textual
organization is an aspect
that is highlighted in Viteri's videos, and that is useful for the construction
of a shared speech; In addition to contributing ideas based on their own experience.
Nonverbal
elements such as kinesics and proxemics are present in Viteri's dialogues and
interviews, through kisses in greetings and greater proximity to the
interviewer when they are speaking; on the other hand, the gestural movements
of both the hands and arms are performed in a space closer to the body itself,
with the forearm almost attached to the thorax, which is very common in it, as
well as the crossing legs by the knees or together or crossed, as part of the
representation of the characteristics of female language.
Finally,
gender differences are a fundamental fact of human life and it is not
surprising to find them reflected in language. That should be noted that the
distinction between the language of men and women is a symptom of a problem in
our culture, not the problem itself. It reflects the fact that men and women
are expected to have different interests and roles, hold different types of conversations and react differently to other people.
Therefore, more attention should be given to the use of language in the
social context.
Legal
equality between men and women and the massive incorporation of women into all
public and private spheres have modified the way they speak, have feminized
many terms referring to trades, positions, and professions and forced
expressive changes in the formal language and politically correct. However, it
is enough to listen with the intent to any everyday conversation - no matter
how banal or professional - to discover that the usual language is full of
expressions and structures that help identify the speaker and the intention of
his speech
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Autores
MIGUEL ROMÁN-JARAMILLO obtuvo su Certificado de Interprete Comunitario en la Asociación
Educacional de Trabajadores en Londres (Reino Unido) en 2014. Obtuvo su
Certificado de Enseñanza para Adultos en el Colegio del Noreste de Londres
(programa de la Universidad de Middlesex) en 2007.
Actualmente
es estudiante de octavo semestre de la Carrera de Pedagogía de los Idiomas
Nacionales y Extranjeros, de la Universidad Central del Ecuador. Es
representante estudiantil ante Consejo de Carrera en la Carrera de Pedagogía de
los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros, de la Universidad Central del Ecuador.
MAGALI ARÉVALO- ARTETA actualmente es estudiante de octavo semestre de la Carrera de Pedagogía
de los Idiomas Nacionales y Extranjeros, de la Universidad Central del Ecuador.
