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REVISTA ECONOMÍA , mayo 2022 | pISSN | eISSN 2697-333280
Reseñas
Mesa-Lago ratica que los defectos de los
sistemas privados latinoamericanos conlle-
varon a cuatro reformas que han eliminado
o cambiado substancialmente el sistema
privado. Por ejemplo, Argentina (2008) y
Bolivia (2010) cerraron el sistema privado y
pasaron a todos sus asegurados y fondos al
sistema público. Por su parte, Chile (2008)
mantuvo el sistema privado, pero efectuó
cambios positivos al interior de este. Por
último, El Salvador (2017) también man-
tuvo el sistema privado, pero su objetivo
fundamental fue reducir el décit scal.
Posteriormente, el autor evalúa las
promesas y realidades de nueve sistemas
privados latinoamericanos entre los años
1999 y 2019, sobre la base de cinco princi-
pios de la seguridad social: a) cobertura
de la población económicamente activa
y adultos mayores; b) solidaridad social
y equidad de género; c) suciencia de las
prestaciones; d) administración eciente
y costos razonables; y e) sostenibilidad
financiera y actuarial. De esta evalua-
ción se obtuvo que, durante los años 1999
y 2008, los sistemas privados no lograron
expandir la cobertura contributiva en
los adultos mayores, al mismo tiempo,
la tasa de remplazo promedio en los sis-
temas privados fue del 39%, lo que resultó
ser inferior al mínimo establecido por
la y al promedio del 64% en los siste-
mas públicos. Los costos administrativos
durante el año 2002 aumentaron entre dos
y diez veces en cuatro países latinoame-
ricano. No obstante, un aspecto positivo
en la administración de los sistemas pri-
vados es la mejora en la elaboración de
informes periódicos del fondo acumulado
por los asegurados y la reducción de tiem-
pos para ejecutar las pensiones.
En el 2001 la reforzó el diálogo
social, en el que establece que la reforma
de pensiones debe ser precedida por un
debate que envuelva a todas las partes
involucradas, sin embargo, la mayoría de
las reformas de pensiones se hicieron sin
previo diálogo social lo que generó pro-
blemas de legitimidad. Por ejemplo, en
Argentina hubo poca discusión pública,
en Bolivia hubo largas negociaciones,
pero no se tomaron en cuenta a todos los
involucrados, en Chile el presidente de
turno, Michele Bachelet, nombró un con-
sejo consultivo con quince representantes
de todos los sectores, y en El Salvador no
existió un diálogo social, solo hubo acer-
camientos por parte del Ejecutivo que
elaboró su propia propuesta.
El impacto de las reformas en la pobla-
ción adulta mayor fue diverso entre las
economías de estudio. En el caso argentino
(2005-2007) se provocó la creación e introduc-
ción de la «moratoria» lo que permitió a los
asegurados jubilarse sin haber cumplido los
treinta años de aportes requeridos. Bolivia
(2010) redujo la edad para la jubilación la que
pasó de 65 a 60 años. Chile (2008) comenzó
a incorporar a los trabajadores autónomos,
además, de la creación de la Pensión Básica
Solidaria (). Finalmente, El Salvador
incumplió el mandato de expandir la cober-
tura en grupos difíciles de incorporar.
Respecto a la solidaridad social,
Argentina extendió el sistema de pen-
siones a fin de incorporar a los grupos
de bajos ingresos y a la población adulta
mayor para que puedan acceder a la pen-
sión básica con nanciamiento total por
parte del estado. Bolivia realizó el recorte
en la edad de las pensiones no contributi-
vas, gracias a ello, se redujo la pobreza, se
creó el fondo de solidaridad lo que favo-
reció a las personas de menores ingresos
y se impulsó a la cotización solidaria
impuesta a los asegurados de altos ingre-
sos. Chile creó la pensión básica universal
() y el aporte previsional solidario
(). Por último, El Salvador estableció
tres prestaciones para ayudar a las perso-
nas que no cumplían con los veinticinco
años de cotizaciones.
Paralelamente la suficiencia de las
prestaciones experimentó un incremento