Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Físicas y Matemática

e pathway of concrete improvement via nano-technology

Alvansazyazdi M.*; Rosero José Augusto*

∗Universidad Central del Ecuador, Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias

Físicas y Matemática

Quito, Ecuador

e-mail: faridalvan@uce.edu.ec

e-mail: jarosero@uce.edu.ec

Información del artículo

Recibido: junio 2018

Aceptado: septiembre 2018

Resumen

La nanotecnología es la ciencia que trata la materia en la escala de una billonésima de metro (es decir,

- 9

m = 1 nm), y también es el estudio de la manipulación de la materia a escala atómica y molecular.

El uso de la nanotecnología puede modicar algunas propiedades del hormigón. En esta revisión,

se discute la aplicación de diferentes nanomateriales para mejorar las propiedades convencionales

del hormigón. Cada material ultrano actúa como agente para reducir la formación de microporos,

proporcionar una microestructura densa y aumentar las propiedades mecánicas. Así, se recogen las

principales tendencias en el uso de nanomateriales destacando las ventajas generadas por la adición

de nanopartículas al concreto.

Palabras clave: nanopartículas, SiO2, TiO2, Al2O3, Nano clay, CNT.

Abstract

Nanotechnology is the science that deals with matter at the scale of 1 billionth of a meter (i.e., 10

− 9

m =

1 nm), and is also the study of manipulating matter at the atomic and molecular scale. e use of nano-

technology can modify some properties of concrete. In this review we discuss the application of dierent

nanomaterials to enhance conventional concrete properties. Each ultrane materials act as agent to re-

duce formation of micro pores, provide dense microstructure and increase mechanical properties. us,

the main trends in the use of nanomaterials are highlighted, highlighting the advantages generated by the

addition of nanoparticles to concrete

Keywords: Nanoparticles, SiO

, TiO

, Al

, Nano clay, CNT

Revista INGENIO N.º 1 vol. 2 (2019)

Introduction

Nanotechnology, which covers synthesis, process,

characterization and application of nanomate-

rials, considerably attracts most attention be-

cause of a wide variety of potential and practical

application, including medicine, electronics and

advanced ceramics. In general, a nanoparticle has

an ultrane size in the range of 1 to 100 nm. e

typical properties of nanoparticles are conside-

rably dierent from those of the bulk materials.

In the last decade, nanotechnology was used in

dierent engineering eld, especially in the civil

engineering. A large number of materials such

as, glass, concrete, steel can be improved by the

use of nanotechnology. Nanoparticles has also

dierent applications in coatings such as paints

to develop self-healing capabilities and corrosion

protection of coating. Since these coatings have

hydrophobic properties and ward the metal sur-

face o water as well can also protect materials

from salt water and acid attack. e most useful

application of nanotechnology in elds of civil

engineering, is in the concrete production.

Concrete includes of amorphous phase, crystals

in dierent size of nanometer to micrometer,

and bound water. It can be improved in numer-

ous ways that one of which is composed with

nanoparticles. is research covers the eect of

incorporation of nano-size spherical materials

(e.g., nano-SiO2, TiO2, CaCO3, Al2O3, etc.), na-

no-tubes or bers [(carbon nanotube (CNT) and

carbon nano-bers (CNF)] and nano-clay into

cementitious materials.

e benecial eect of the nanoparticles on the

performance of cementitious materials can be ex-

plained by the dierent following factors

• Nanoparticles that well-dispersed can act

as nuclei for cement phases, hence pro-

moting the hydration due to their high re-

activity;

• Use of Nanoparticles lead to crushed size

of crystals (such as Ca(OH)

) and also for-

mation of small-sized uniform clusters of

C-S-H;

• Nanoparticles accelerate the pozzolanic

reactions, resulting in the consumption of

Ca(OH)

and formation of an “additional”

C-S-H gel;

• structure of the aggregates ‘contact zone’

can be improved by use of nanoparticles,

resulting in a better bond between cement

paste and aggregates; and

• Nanoparticles provide crack detention

and interlocking eects between the slip

planes, which improve the toughness,

shear, tensile and exural strength of ce-

ment-based materials.

• Nanoparticles can act as nano reinforce-

ment and strong the tensile strength of

concrete.

Most research on nanotechnology in con-

crete has focused on the use of nanoparticles

to investigation of structure and mechanical

properties of nano-concrete.

Incorporation of SiO

nanoparticles

e mechanical properties of cement mortars

can be varied with addition of nano particles.

It has been observed that SiO

nano-particles

can be increased compressive and exural

strengths of cement mortars [1,2]. e com-

pressive strengths of cements with nano-sili-

ca (NS) were all higher than those of cements

containing silica fume at setting time of 7 and

28 days. Results showed 26% increase of 28

days compressive strength with addition of

10% nano-SiO2 whereas addition of 15% si-

lica fume lead to increase of 10% compressive

strength [2]. In other investigation it is found

that the addition of small volumes of NS (i.e.,

0.25%) caused 25% increase of exural stren-

gth and 10% increase of compressive strength

at 28 days [3].

e mechanisms for increase performance of

concrete with nano-SiO

has been studied at dif-

ferent levels. Uniformed Dispersion of nanopar-

ticles in the cement paste, increased deposition of

Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Físicas y Matemática

the hydrated products of cement on it due to their

great surface energy, i.e., act as nucleation sites.

Nucleation of hydration products on nano-par-

ticles further improve and accelerates cement hy-

dration [4]. e other mechanisms of improved

performance of concrete by addition of nanopar-

ticles are (i) the nano-size pores of the cement

paste ll with nanoparticles, and (ii) Nanosilica

inuence pozzolanic reaction and reacts with

Ca(OH)2 and generates additional C-S-H [5].

the particle size and the proper dispersion of the

nano particles is important factor in eective im-

provement and the colloidal dispersions being

more eective than the powder in cement paste

[6]. e addition of Nanosilica provides major

improvement of early age of concrete structure

respect to crystal orientation degree, reduction

in content, and crystal size of portlandite crystals

was reported [7] as could be observed at the fol-

lowing Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 under the Scanning Elec-

tron Microscopy (SEM).

Fig. 1. Particles (indicated by an arrow), surrounded by solid

phase portlandite.

Fig. 2. Particles marked with an arrow in the previous Figure 1with

the irregular morphology of the portlandite support.

e addition of SiO

nanoparticles resulted in

the increase of heat of hydration process and

chemically combined water percentage and

decrease of CH content [8]. In other research

[9], the microstructural studies showed that

the increase in strength due to addition of

nano- Sio2 was not related to pozzolanic re-

action but due to the growth of silica chains

in C-S-H and causing dense microstructure.

e water permeability resistant behavior of

nano silica concrete is better than of normal

concrete [10].

By addition of nano-silica to Light Weight Con-

crete resistance to water and chloride ions pen-

etration was enhanced despite strength slightly

increased. e resistance against chloride ion

penetration, water penetration and sorptivity

was improved by addition up to 2% Nanosilica to

concrete [11].

e addition of colloidal nano-silica to concrete

(without and with class F y ash binder) result

in improvement of overall performance of con-

crete. Adiabatic temperature test within 15 h aer

mixing indicate that ultrane nature of nano-sil-

ica was responsible for speeding up the kinetics

of hydration reactions. e strength of concrete

increased with the addition of nano-SiO

up to

6%, showed that addition of small dosages of na-

no-silica can controlled destructive eect of y

ash on strength performance. Also it was showed

a decrease in passing charges and physical pene-

tration depths because of reducing the conductiv-

ity and dense structure [12].

Nano SiO

could signicantly increase the com-

pressive strength of high volume y ash and also

rice husk concrete. e concretes containing 2

and 4 % of nano silica exhibited similar com-

pressive strength and it is showed eectiveness of

high percentage of nanoparticles in HVFA con-

crete. e durability properties of concretes con-

taining 38 % class F y ash and 2 % nano-silica as

replacement of cement are higher than ordinary

concrete [13].

Also addition of Nano-silica to Rice husk Ash

(RHA) concrete improving its mechanical prop-

erties research showed that blending 1% Nano-

Revista INGENIO N.º 1 vol. 2 (2019)

silica to 20% RHA concrete caused an increase

in compressive and exure strength. In general,

by addition Nanosilica particles up to 1% to con-

crete the disadvantages of rice husk ash had over-

come [14].

Incorporation of TiO2 Nanoparticles

TiO

nanoparticles has wide applications due

to its high oxidizing capability under near

UV-radiation, chemical stability in dierent

environment (both acidic and basic envi-

ronments), absence of toxicity. Several stud-

ies have shown that nano-TiO

can improve

the early-age hydration of cement [15] and

increase compressive and exural strengths

[16]. e abrasion resistance of concrete

containing dierent nanoparticles (both na-

no-TiO

and nano-SiO

) is experimentally

studied [15] and it is found that the abra-

sion resistance of concrete containing nano-

TiO

is higher than Nanosilica and optimum

amount of nano TiO

is 1% for eectiveness

in enhancing abrasion resistance. With the

increase of nano TiO

content up to 5% the

abrasion resistance decreases. Concrete con-

taining nano-TiO

has self-cleaning prop-

erties for de-polluting the environments.

Nano-TiO

act as a photocatalytic agent to

degradation of pollutants (e.g., NOx, CO,

VOCs, chlorophenols, and aldehydes from

vehicle and industrial transpiration) [17, 18,

19]. A clean TiO

concrete exposed to sun-

light can puricate the harmful NOx gases

from the atmosphere by oxidation to nitrates.

[20].

In other study, a photocatalytic concrete with

nano-TiO

nanoparticles was fabricated. Re-

sults show that the surface of nano concrete

was covered by a layer contain C-S-H and

TiO

nano particles around tens of nm and

the roughness of the nano concrete was about

3.5-11 nm. Due to its photocatalytic proper-

ties and high-smooth surface, this concrete

can used as a material for the urban applica-

tion [21].

e eect of the addition of TiO

on the con-

crete compaction and mechanical properties

was investigated. e results indicated that

addition of TiO

nanoparticles to concrete

increase the amount of C–S–H (calcium sil-

icate hydrate), compressive strength at 28

days and a reduction in the modulus of elas-

ticity of the nano concretes. In relation to the

percent of concrete porosity, the addition of

TiO

nanoparticles in the both form of 10%

anatase II and rutile resulted in a decrease

in the overall pore volume, pore restoration

and improve distribution of the pore lengths.

{ Study of the inuence of nano-TiO

on the

properties of Portland cement concrete for

application on road surface. Another benet

of TiO

is increasing abrasion resistance and

strength of concrete at early age [22].

In self-compacting concrete containing class

F y ash (5-15%). It was found that addition

of TiO2 up to 4% could lead to improvement

of detrimental eect of u ash on exural

strength by accelerate formation of C-S-H gel

at the early age of hydration. Also, nano TiO

nanoparticles lead to increasing in consisten-

cy and reducing in the possibility of bleeding

and segregation [23].

Marine environment is destructive for con-

crete structures that create the coupled attack

of chloride diusion and scouring. Concrete

containing 1% nano-TiO2 shows a high

scouring abrasion resistance and a low diu-

sion coecient. Furthermore nano Tio2 can

improve more resistance to chloride diusion

[24].

Incorporation of CaCO3

e CaCO3 nanoparticles is very useful in ce-

ment alternative. In recent developments in

concrete technology ultra-high-performance

concrete (UHPC) is produced that are char-

acterized by very low water-to-cement (w/c)

ratios. Hence, high amount of the cement in

concrete will not hydrate and will just act as

ﬁller. erefore, use of non-costly ﬁller ma-

terial to replacing cement are interest. In re-

search showed that addition of micro-CaCO3

Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Físicas y Matemática

to concrete acted as a ﬁller, improvement of

microstructure and increasing the eective

w/c ratio [25] but nano-CaCO3 act as accel-

erator of the early-age hydration process, and

an eective ﬁller to concrete. e combining

of both micro- and nano-CaCO3 resulted in

better performance not only for enhancing

of mechanical properties but also to replace-

ment of cement up to 20 % [26].

In other research results showed that nano-Ca-

CO3 slurry increase the mechanical strength of

the concrete with and without y ash at the early

ages. Actually, nano-CaCO

modied the strength

and microstructure of concrete containing y

ash by accelerate both the hydration of cement

at early ages and the hydration of y ash at late

ages [27]. Also in the research of nanoparticles

addition to dierent grade of concrete (C30 and

C50) it was found that in the low strength grade

of concrete adding nano-CaCO

created calcium

carbon-aluminum hydrate with lower carbon

that can promote the strength of concrete at early

age. But, in the high strength grade of concrete,

these improvement disappeared [28].

Compared between addition of chloride- and

non-chloride based accelerating admixtures and

nano-calcium carbonate (CaCO

) at rates of 0,

2.5, 5, 10 and 15% on properties of ultra-high

performance concrete showed that concrete con-

taining nano-CaCO

had better eect on accel-

erating of hydration and compressive strength

on early-age setting, improved the ﬂowability of

mixture and increase workability of concrete and

also reducing the risk of steel corrosion induced

by chloride-based accelerating admixtures. Con-

sideration of the performance and economic ap-

proach determined that addition 5% up to 10%

nano-CaCO

to UHPC concrete can cause better

improvement for concrete properties [29].

Conduction calorimeter based test results [30]

showed that the addition of nano-CaCO

consi-

derably accelerated the speed of heat progress and

shortened the induction period of C

S hydration.

It was proposed that nano-CaCO

can shorten

the induction period of C

S hydration by broke

down the protective layer of it or accelerated the

C-S-H nucleation (i.e., seeding eect) in the paste

solution of high ionic concentration.

Incorporation of Nano-Al2O3

ere are few studies on the use of nano alu-

mina in concrete. Nano-Al

particles was

very eective to increase the modulus of

elasticity of cement. With the addition 5%

nano- Al2O3 to concrete, the elastic mod-

ulus increased by 143% at 28 days whereas

compressive strength was not very obvious

changed [31]. Frost resistance property of

concrete can be signicantly increased by

the addition of nano-Al2O3 and nano-SiO2.

ese nano-materials behave as accelerators

of pozzolanic reaction and also improve the

pore structure of concrete and densifying the

microstructure. It is found that the frost re-

sistance of nano-Al

particles is better than

the same amount of nano-SiO2 particles [32].

Also it is found that replacement of cement

by Al

nanoparticles up to 1% proportion-

al increase exural strength and Split Tensile

strength of cement mortar [33].

Dispersion of cement in UHPC must take place

simultaneously with silica action in the hydration

of cement because of high proportion of cement

in this concrete. Without nano alumina, the hy-

dration process will be slower because silica com-

ponent cannot penetrated to the internal struc-

ture of hydration gel. Nano alumina created the

path of injection silica or binding materials into

the microstructure of hydration gel and the re-

ning activity will start [34,35,36].

Incorporation of nano clay

Nano clays depending on the chemical composi-

tion and nanoparticle morphology, have several

classes such as montmorillonite, bentonite, kao-

linite, hectorite, and halloysite. Nanoclay par-

ticles enhanced the mechanical properties, the

self-compacting properties of concrete and redu-

ce the ability of chloride penetration, permeabi-

lity and shrinkage [37,38,39]. Montmorillonite

clay has unique structure that make it an excellent

base for manipulation through nanotechnology.

Revista INGENIO N.º 1 vol. 2 (2019)

Montmorillonite clay has dierent properties

such as stability, an interlayer space, high hydra-

tion and swelling capacity and a high chemical

reactivity. Organo-modied montmorillonites

(OMMT) are employed as llers and reinforce-

ments in concrete. [38]. e use of low percent-

age of Nanoclay particles can eectively inﬂuence

the freshstate properties of concrete.

Nanoclay particles can provide high viscosity by

increasing the adhesion between the ingredients

of the fresh mixture. Incorporation of small dos-

ages nano-montmorillonite (NMMT) clays (.25,

.50, .75 and 1.00% ) to self-compacting concrete

(SCC) was investigated. It was found that the

addition of .5% and .75% NMMT increase com-

pressive strength and splitting tensile strength,

respectively. Also, the addition of NMMT clays

up to 1.00% improved durability and electrical

resistivity of specimens [40].

Incorporation of CNT

In Concrete containing bers (typically steel or

polypropylene bers) control of plastic shrinkage

cracking and drying shrinkage cracking increa-

sed. e addition of bers to mix concrete lower

the permeability of the ber reinforce concrete

and promote the impact, abrasion and shatter

resistance. e important properties of bers

in FRC include diameter, specic gravity, high

Young’s modulus and tensile strength [41,42].

In recent years, researchers have explored the op-

tion of using CNTs as bers in concrete.

Carbon nanotubes are a form of carbon with cy-

lindrical shape, and diameter size in nanometer

scale. Nanotubes have the fullerene structure.

single-walled nanotube (SWNT) and multi-

walled nanotube (MWNT) are two categories of

nanotubes [43].

Carbon nanotubes/nanobers (CNTs/CNFs)

have nano-reinforcements application in ce-

ment-based materials. CNTs/CNFs exhibit ex-

traordinary strength with elasticity module of

CNTs/CNFs is in the range of TPa and tensile

strength in the order of GPa, with unique elec-

tronic and amazing chemical properties [44,

45, 46]. Concrete has poor tensile strength with

prone to brittle and crack. One of the methods

to increase tensile strength, ductility and improve

durability is the incorporation of bers into con-

crete. e mixture of carbon nanotubes and ce-

ment hydrates provides high strength properties.

Carbon nanotubes can act as bridges across cracks

and pores, which load transfer across cracks and

pores [47].

Addition of small dosage (e.g., 0.025% by weight

of cement) of homogeneously dispersed mul-

tiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) increase

signicantly the exural strength and stiness of

concrete. It is found that adding small amount of

carbon nanotube (1% wt.) improve both com-

pressive and exural strength. Also results show

that addition of CNT increases the compres-

sive strength up to 70% and decreases the heat

conductivity up to 12% in ber reinforce con-

crete[48]. One of the important benets of used

of the CNT instead of steel ber to reinforcement

of concrete is that CNTs will not corrode in cor-

rosive environments. is benet may provide

application of CNT in marine environments.

Conclusions

In practice, under the Scanning Electron Micros-

copy (SEM) it is possible to observe with certainty

how working at nanodimensions opens an enor-

mous potential for the improvement of concrete.

e dierent uses of nanoparticles not only reveal

the capacity of the nanomaterials considered in

this review, but also point the way forward for

Concrete Improvement Via Nano-Technology.

e applications of the nanomaterials that have

been presented also indicate the possibility to

lower costs in the use of improved concrete. Each

incorporation raises dierent answers whose ex-

perimental characteristics open keys to an increa-

singly interesting and more investigative world.

Facultad de Ingeniería, Ciencias Físicas y Matemática

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