https://doi.org/10.29166/ingenio.v7i1.5630

pISSN 2588-0829

eISSN 2697-3243

Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International (CC BY-NC-SA 4.0) fing.revista.ingenio@uce.edu.ec

FACULTAD DE INgENIERíA y CIENCIAS ApLICADAS INGENIO

UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR 2024, VOL.7 (1), ENERO-JUNIO, pp. 12-22

Development of a Raspberry Pi-Based Wireless Educational Tool.

Desarrollo de una Herramienta Educativa Inalámbrica Basada en Raspberry Pi.

Hólger Jorge Santillan Carranza 1 | ID Universidad de las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Gran Canaria (España)

Jairo Oliver Enriquez Sandoval 2 | ID Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Guayaquil (Ecuador)

Jose Fernando Bonilla Castro 3 | ID Universidad Politécnica Salesiana, Guayaquil (Ecuador)

ARTICLE HISTORY

Received: 06/08/2023

Received after revision: 10/10/2023

Approved: 25/11/2023

Accepted: 15/01/2023

KEY WORDS

Raspberry Pi, Educational Tool,

Automation, user-friendliness.

HISTORIA DEL ARTÍCULO

Recepción: 06/08/2023

Recepción tras revisión: 10/10/2023

Aprobación: 25/11/2023

Publicación: 15/01/2023

PALABRAS CLAVE

Raspberry Pi, Herramienta Educativa,

Automatización, Facilidad de Uso.

ABSTRACT

The following document introduces a wireless connectivity device specifically designed for the educational

sector, employing IoT technology and Raspberry Pi. Its primary objective is to offer educational institutions

an affordable solution that enables seamless classroom presentations without compromising on quality and

user-friendliness. Using an experimental methodology, we configure a Raspberry Pi single-board computer,

transforming this device into a practical alternative to a traditional desktop computer. This setup enables

the playback of various document types, including Word, Excel, PowerPoint, and Publisher, offering

educators and students a versatile tool to meet their academic requirements. The proposed solution operates

seamlessly: through the use of a free mobile application, content can be effortlessly streamed to external

devices, such as projectors, televisions, and monitors. This addresses an educational issue where the

primary drawback lies in the cost of the equipment. Ultimately, the aim is not only to overcome financial

barriers in education but also to ignite innovative exploration in enhancing connectivity and automation

across diverse settings.

RESUMEN

El siguiente documento presenta un dispositivo de conectividad inalámbrica diseñado específicamente para

el sector educativo, que emplea tecnología IoT y Raspberry Pi. Su objetivo principal es ofrecer a las

instituciones educativas una solución asequible que permita realizar presentaciones en el aula sin problemas

y sin comprometer la calidad ni la facilidad de uso. Utilizando una metodología experimental, configuramos

un ordenador monoplaca Raspberry Pi, transformando este dispositivo en una alternativa práctica a un

ordenador de sobremesa tradicional. Esta configuración permite la reproducción de varios tipos de

documentos, incluidos Word, Excel, PowerPoint y Publisher, ofreciendo a educadores y estudiantes una

herramienta versátil para satisfacer sus necesidades académicas. La solución propuesta funciona a la

perfección: mediante el uso de una aplicación móvil gratuita, los contenidos pueden transmitirse sin

esfuerzo a dispositivos externos, como proyectores, televisores y monitores. De este modo se aborda un

problema educativo cuyo principal inconveniente radica en el coste de los equipos. En última instancia, el

objetivo no es sólo superar las barreras financieras en la educación, sino también impulsar la exploración

innovadora para mejorar la conectividad y la automatización en diversos entornos

INTRODUCTION

The internet has gained immense significance and has

become indispensable in various domains, including

education, employment, communication,

entertainment, and more. A vast portion of the global

population now enjoys access to a pervasive system of

information and connectivity [1]. The public's growing

demand for increased advancements, innovations, and

assistance through this expansive platform in their

daily lives has driven extensive research in science and

technology. These efforts have yielded remarkable

achievements, such as the emergence of the Internet of

Things (IoT) [2].

IoT involves the interconnection of physical-world

objects via the internet, equipped with sensors,

actuators, and communication technology. The primary

objective of this technology is to develop practical,

groundbreaking applications while enhancing existing

ones [3].

Hence, in accordance with the previously mentioned

objectives, this endeavor is focused on creating a

wireless connectivity apparatus tailored specifically for

the educational sector [4]. It leverages IoT technology

and the Raspberry Pi to furnish educational institutions

REVISTA INGENIO

Santillan H. et al

with a cost-effective solution. This solution enables the

seamless display of presentations in classrooms

without sacrificing quality or user-friendliness.

Moreover, through the utilization of a complimentary

mobile application, content can be effortlessly

transmitted to external devices such as projectors,

televisions, and monitors [5].

Modern educational approaches have evolved

significantly over time. While traditional tools like

books, blackboards, and flipcharts remain relevant,

technology and the internet have emerged as

indispensable resources. This is primarily due to the vast

wealth of bibliographic sources available and the

inclusion of visual aids, which greatly enhance the

quality of contemporary education and facilitate more

engaging and effective learning experiences across age

groups [6]. In fact, these resources have become integral

components of essential educational tools for institutions

today [7].

Elaborated upon specific components

Projector: This device plays a crucial role in receiving

video signals and displaying images on a surface. Its

significance is particularly pronounced in educational

contexts, where its utilization is geared towards

enhancing the educational experience, fostering

interactive and engaging teaching methods.

Raspberry Pi 4 Model B: The Raspberry Pi represents

a family of single-board computers (SBCs) initiated by

the Raspberry Pi Foundation, aimed at promoting

affordable computer science and electronics education.

Since its introduction in 2012, the Raspberry Pi has left

a profound mark across diverse domains, including

education, research, DIY project development, and the

creation of inventive technology solutions [8] [9]. Fig. 1.

Figure 1

Raspberry Pi 4 model B

Note: https://www.raspberrypi.com/products/raspberry-pi-4-model-

Specifications of the Raspberry Pi 4 model B are:

• System-on-a-chip: Broadcom BCM2711

• CPU: 1.5 GHz quad-core processor with Cortex-

A72 arm

• GPU: Video Core VI

• Memory: 1/2/4GB LPDDR4 RAM

• Connectivity: 802.11ac Wi-Fi / Bluetooth 5.0,

Gigabit Ethernet

• Video & Sound: 2 x micro-HDMI ports supporting

4K@60Hz displays via HDMI 2.0, MIPI DSI

display port, MIPI CSI camera port, 4-pole stereo

output and composite video port.

• Ports: 2 x USB 3.0, 2 x USB 2.0

• Power: 5V/3A via USB-C, 5V via GPIO header

• Expansion: 40-pin GPIO header

VNC (Virtual Network Computing): VNC is a remote

desktop system that relies on the RFB (Remote Frame

Buffer) protocol, facilitating the remote control of a

computer system [10].

• Facilitates screen sharing among users

• Enables cross-platform compatibility

• Utilizes lightweight protocols

• Operates as a standalone platform

Its architectural structure, is rooted in a client-server

model, where the computer running the client application

assumes control over the computer running the server

application [11].

VNC utilizes a dedicated frame buffer aligned with the

RFB protocol to manage client requests [12].

Once it receives a request for a screen refresh, the server

captures the screen content from the frame buffer.

The server processes and transmits the captured screen

image data, along with frame buffer update details, to the

client. Subsequently, the user decodes and updates the

bitstream accordingly [13].

RFB (Remote Frame Buffer): The communication

protocol designed for remote access to a basic user

interface represents a technology enabling users to

establish remote connections to and manage a system or

application. Its architecture is rooted in the "frame buffer"

class, making it especially well-suited for the efficient

transmission of graphical data [13].

This protocol functions within a client-server framework

[14]. The RFB client is the computer or any compatible

device establishing a connection with the RFB server.

Development of a Raspberry Pi-Based Wireless Educational Tool

Once the connection is established, the user gains access

to the window system and applications hosted on the

server.Fig.2.

Figure 2

Client-server model.

Debian: This is an open-source software initiative that

continues to be actively maintained, even though it has

been around for a while. Some users may find it a bit

challenging, leading to misconceptions that it is

primarily used by hackers, but this perception is entirely

inaccurate [15]. Debian offers highly user-friendly tools

designed for both system administrators and regular

users. One notable advantage is its unwavering

commitment to being entirely free [16].

TCP (Transmission Control Protocol): This protocol

is universally recognized by all devices [17]. It is

designed to establish a dependable connection, accepting

a data stream within local processes, breaking it down

into segments not exceeding 64 Kbytes, and transmitting

each segment as a separate IP datagram. Upon reception,

the data is then reconstructed [18].

METHOD

Employing an experimental approach, we undertake the

configuration of a Raspberry Pi single-board computer,

effectively converting it into a pragmatic substitute for

conventional desktop computers. This reconfiguration

empowers the device to support the playback of an array

of document formats, encompassing Word, Excel,

PowerPoint, and Publisher. As a result, educators and

students gain access to a versatile tool tailored to fulfill

their diverse academic needs. The proposed solution

seamlessly operates through the utilization of a cost-free

mobile application, allowing for effortless content

streaming to external devices like projectors, televisions,

and monitors.

This innovative solution directly addresses a prevalent

issue within the realm of education, primarily

characterized by the formidable cost of requisite

equipment. By simplifying the transition to Raspberry Pi-

based systems and their compatibility with the Raspberry

Pi single-board computer, this initiative aims to bridge the

financial gap and facilitate more accessible and

interactive learning environments. It paves the way for

affordable, high-quality classroom presentations,

ushering in an era of heightened connectivity,

automation, and learning enhancement across various

educational settings.

The suggested system has been meticulously planned and

organized into a framework consisting of three core

components. Fig. 3.

1. Raspberry Pi Connectivity.

2. HDMI facilitates the high-quality transmission of data

for audio and video, ensuring exceptional clarity.

3. Internet Access.

4. This involves utilizing either a wireless connection or

an Ethernet connection to establish network connectivity.

Enabling WIFI on the Raspberry Pi can be achieved by

following the specified procedure, enabling the transfer

of files to the Pi.

5. Application Management.

6. The installed operating system provides the ability to

navigate and control various applications seamlessly.

Figure 3

Architecture of the proposed system.

Raspberry Pi HDMI Connectivity: To implement the

proposed system, Raspberry Pi provides 2 micro-HDMI

ports for connecting to a projector. In cases where the

Santillan H. et al

projector lacks an HDMI port, an HDMI to VGA

converter can be used.

Installation of the Operating System: The process of

installing the operating system on a Raspberry Pi is made

effortless with the Raspberry Pi Imager. This powerful

tool streamlines the formatting of the SD card and the

loading of the latest OS version, significantly expediting

the entire procedure [19].

Network Connectivity and Power Supply: The system

is equipped with a 5V to 3A power supply featuring a

USB Type-C connector and an Ethernet input for

establishing an internet connection through an Ethernet

cable. Furthermore, it offers the flexibility of connecting

via WIFI, as this model includes WIFI capabilities [9].

Operating System Update: To perform a system update,

two commands are necessary:

- Utilize `sudo apt-get update`

- Execute `sudo apt-get upgrade`

Establishing a Connection Between a Mobile

Device/Laptop and Raspberry Pi: VNC is a pre-

installed program, and to activate it, you can run the

command `sudo raspi-config`. Navigate to "Interfacing

Options," locate and select "VNC-Yes." To view your

smartphone's screen, you'll need to enable USB

debugging on your mobile device. In this process, access

your Android device's settings, search for "additional

settings," and choose "developer options." In that menu,

enable "USB debugging."

SCRCPY Installation: Install SCRCPY to mirror your

cellphone's screen by connecting the mobile device to the

Raspberry Pi using a USB cable. Once connected, you

can take full control of the Android device using your

keyboard and mouse [20].

Wireless Connection: To establish a wireless

connection, execute commands that activate the TCP/IP

protocol on the device. Open the console terminal and

enable the TCP/IP port with the command "adb tcpip

5555." Then, execute the command "adb connect

192.168.xx.xx:5555" to connect to the Android device.

Upon execution, you will see the message "already

connected."

Equations for Calculating System Bandwidth

Equation 1: Bandwidth Utilization = Data Transfer Rate

× Transfer Duration (1)

The volume of data transferred is measured in various

units, including bits, kilobits, or megabits.

The time elapsed is expressed in seconds, minutes, or

hours, depending on the required level of precision.

The formulas outlined in the paper titled "Assessing

Average Throughput for Data Stream Quantity in an NDN

Rendezvous Server" provide a comprehensive method for

computing the average throughput of packets transmitted

within a system [21]. This calculation approach is

straightforward and effective in estimating bandwidth

utilization within a system operating at a specific data

transfer rate over a defined time interval.

The system's transmission rate exhibits a direct correlation

and is based on an optimal route forwarding strategy,

taking into account factors such as the speed of interest,

data rates (250 m/s), and data mobility. This strategy is

applied in the context of data content streams, with lengths

ranging from 100 to 1500 bytes [22].

    󰇛  󰇜 (2)

  

 (3)

      

󰇛󰇜

   

󰇛󰇜 (5)





 󰇛󰇜

        (7)

  

 󰇛)

Where:

• , Time slot ().

• , space distributed between frames ().

• , Minimum congestion window (slots).

• TME, Average waiting time ().

• MPDU, Maximum size of a data packet unit

().

• TTP packet transmission time ().

•  ,

measured in ().

• , Content Send Time, refers to the period of

time it takes to transmit data or information from

a source to a destination over a communication

network.

•  Mean Wait Time, refers to the average time

a message, signal or data packet must wait on a

network before being transmitted or delivered to

Development of a Raspberry Pi-Based Wireless Educational Tool

its destination.

• ACK packet size, the size of the ACK packet can

be quite small, typically measured in bytes.

• Average throughput, refers to the average

throughput over a given time interval.

• Application load, refers to the amount of

network traffic generated or received by the

application.

• , Average time per content measured in

().

Installing Raspberry Pi OS using Raspberry Pi Imager

The Raspberry Pi, being an integrated computer with

limited memory, necessitates the use of a storage device,

such as an SD card, to install an operating system that

aligns with the hardware's functional specifications, for

instance, Raspbian.

Raspberry Pi Imager

Raspberry Pi Imager stands as a robust tool meticulously

designed to simplify the process of installing an operating

system on a Raspberry Pi. This user-friendly application

facilitates both the formatting of the SD card and the

seamless loading of the latest OS version, significantly

expediting the entire setup.

To get started, you can easily download the Raspberry Pi

Imager from the official website and proceed with its

installation. Subsequently, connect an SD card reader to

your computer, select the desired card for the OS

installation, and you'll be up and running with your

Raspberry Pi promptly, all without unnecessary

complications or concerns regarding the intricacies of OS

installation [23].

Once the OS is successfully installed on the SD card, the

initial configuration process will commence. Fig. 4. During

this configuration, you can enable various settings at the

time of installation, including:

Hostname: pi. Enable SSH

Configure the username and password (pi user by

default), configure the Wi-Fi (SSD: TelecoTT1

Password: xxxxxxxxx). Configure local

(Europe/Madrid and keyboard: es).

Figure 4

Menú selección SO.

After installation, you'll need to identify the IP address of

the Raspberry Pi for establishing a connection. To

accomplish this task, IpScan is employed. Fig. 5.

Figure 5

IpScan detecting Wifi equipment.

Establish a SSH connection using PuTTY over port 22 with

the following credentials. Fig. 6.

Username: pi

Password: passwd (default). Exhibit Fig. 6.

Afterward, you will be prompted to update the password.

Upon successfully connecting to the system, perform the

following updates:

- sudo apt-get update

- sudo apt-get upgrade

Installation of VNC:

While in the console, you should enable VNC (which comes

pre-installed) to connect to the desktop and proceed with the

installation from the remote desktop. To do this, run the

command: sudo raspi-config, navigate to Interfacing

Options, and locate VNC. Then, select 'Yes' to enable it. Fig.

Santillan H. et al

Download and install VNC Viewer on your device and

connect it to the Raspberry Pi.

In the accompanying illustrations, you can observe the

allowing you to view the desktop and access its various

options. Exhibit Fig. 7.

Installation of PiKISS:

Execute the following command: curl -sSL

https://git.io/JfAPE | bash

Upon completion of the installation, you will find the

launcher available in the System Tools menu. Exhibit Fig.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Launch the PiKISS application to access the menu. From

there, navigate to the "Others" category, and select the

option for "Display and control of connected Android

devices.". Exhibit Fig. 9.

To view your mobile screen, you need to enable USB

debugging on your phone. In this process, you access the

settings of your Android device, look for the additional

settings option, and select the developer options. In that

menu, you choose USB debugging.

Connect your mobile device to the Raspberry Pi using a

USB cable. Once the connection is established, you can

have complete control over the Android device using the

keyboard and mouse.

On the Android device, access the Wi-Fi settings and

choose the network you are connected to while verifying

the IP address. Execute the command "adb connect

192.168.65.191:5555" to establish a connection with the

Android device. Once executed, it will confirm the

connection with the message "already connected."

To establish a wireless connection, execute the commands

to enable the TCP/IP protocol on the device. Open the

console terminal and activate the TCP/IP port using the

command: "adb tcpip 5555."

Open Scrcpy as usual without requiring the use of a USB

cable, and you will be able to view the screen of the device.

Exhibit Fig. 10.

The research project represents a significant step towards

addressing the educational disparities that exist in

underprivileged schools and institutions. Education is a

fundamental right, and access to quality educational tools

should not be limited by economic constraints. By focusing

on the development of a Raspberry Pi-based wireless

educational tool, this project seeks to democratize access to

technology-enhanced learning experiences.

The creation of a customized application designed to

facilitate seamless connections and content sharing across

multiple mobile devices is a pivotal aspect of this initiative.

The goal is to empower educators and students with a user-

friendly platform that enables them to collaborate, share

resources, and engage in interactive learning activities. Such

an application can bridge the digital divide, making

advanced educational tools accessible to even the most

resource-constrained environments.

However, as this research project progresses towards

implementation, one crucial consideration is the existing

network infrastructure's ability to handle the anticipated

surge in data traffic. The deployment of this application will

likely lead to increased demands on the network, requiring a

thorough evaluation of its capacity. In cases where the

current infrastructure falls short, proactive steps must be

taken to enhance it. This could involve upgrading network

hardware, expanding bandwidth, or implementing quality of

service measures to ensure uninterrupted data flow.

In essence, this research project not only embodies the spirit

of technological innovation but also emphasizes the

importance of equitable educational opportunities. By

providing a cost-effective and scalable solution for

underprivileged schools and institutions, it aims to pave the

way for a more inclusive and enriching learning experience,

ultimately contributing to narrowing the educational gap and

fostering a brighter future for all.

The Raspberry Pi operates on a 5V and 3A power supply,

which furnishes the required energy for its smooth operation

and execution of tasks. It's worth emphasizing that an

alternative power source, like a portable battery, can also be

used, provided that it aligns with the specific device

requirements. The article titled "Power Consumption of the

Raspberry Pi: A Comparative Analysis" [23] offers a

comprehensive response to the intriguing question regarding

the power consumption of Raspberry Pi. The study outlines

various scenarios and conducts an intricate examination of

power usage in each scenario. As detailed in Exhibit Fig.11,

the research concludes that the average power consumption

of Raspberry Pi devices stands at 3.5 watts. Furthermore, the

study undertakes a comparative assessment between

Raspberry Pi and other devices, such as desktop computers

and laptops, enabling an evaluation of the advantages that

Raspberry Pi presents when compared to these alternative

solutions.

Development of a Raspberry Pi-Based Wireless Educational Tool

Table 1 exhibits a dataset that has been generated from a

sample of 22 observations. These observations were

collected over a time span starting from time t=0 seconds

and concluding at t=0.12 seconds. Throughout this

timeframe, there was an exchange of data packets occurring

between devices, specifically between Raspberry Pi and an

Android device, and vice versa. These exchanges were

executed using the Transmission Control Protocol (TCP).

The recorded values represent the sizes of these transmitted

packets, ranging from 0 to 1514 bytes. Even when

considering the original byte values, it is noteworthy that the

size of these packets remains within a range that is well

within the typical capabilities of network connections. This

suggests that the existing network infrastructure is more than

capable of efficiently managing the volume of data

transmitted during each exchange, which is crucial for

ensuring a seamless and uninterrupted communication

experience.

Table 1

Data transmission sampling while watching a YouTube video.

4. CONCLUSIONS

The proposed system represents a valuable solution for

enhancing the efficiency of knowledge transmission

within educational settings. It achieves this by

replacing traditional computers with a Raspberry Pi

while harnessing wireless technologies like SCRCPY,

thereby creating an effective tool that optimizes

teaching delivery in classrooms.

Moreover, it facilitates the seamless presentation of

various content types, such as text, PDF files,

presentations, and even videos, in an efficient and fluid

manner. The incorporation of SCRCPY activates a

TCP/IP protocol that simplifies the display of mobile

device screens on the Raspberry Pi, ensuring a smooth

and high-quality transmission. This functionality grants

educators the flexibility to wirelessly share content with

students, eliminating the need for cables or physical

connections.

The proposed design offers versatility by allowing the

use of a USB cable to connect the Raspberry Pi to the

projector when Wi-Fi connectivity is unavailable. This

guarantees reliable transmission, even in environments

with limited wireless network infrastructure.

Furthermore, the proposed system not only benefits

economically disadvantaged educational institutions

but also provides an accessible solution for households

Santillan H. et al

lacking access to computers, offering an alternative

solution within their homes. By overcoming budget

constraints and limited access to advanced technology,

it creates a pathway for effective knowledge

transmission both within classrooms and households.

Finally, demonstrations through bandwidth

consumption confirm that the Raspberry Pi and

Android system combination is an optimal design. It

exhibits qualities and capabilities comparable to those

of a conventional computer, all without the need for

substantial expenditure. These findings also lay the

foundation for future research aimed at further

enhancing this innovative design.

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Exhibits

Figure 6

PuTTy Menu.

Figure 7

VNC Viewer interface.

Figure 8

PiKISS installed.

Development of a Raspberry Pi-Based Wireless Educational Tool

Figure 9

PiKISS options.

Figure 10

Wireless connection working.

Figure 11

Comparative chart of average power consumption among various devices