Prueba preliminar de Iluminación para la Homologación de Motocicletas y Triciclos según la Norma ISO
1460:2007
Marco Noroña Universidad Internacional del Ecuador UIDE, Quito-Ecuador, manoroname@internacional.edu.ec
Edwin Puente Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Salgolquí-Ecuador, egpuente@espe.edu.ec
Diego Lincango Escuela Politécnica Nacional EPN,Quito-Ecuador, diego.lincango@epn.edu.ec
Universidad de las Fuerzas Armadas ESPE, Salgolquí-Ecuador mrangulo@espe.edu.ec
REVISTA INGENIO
https://doi.org/10.29166/ingenio.v7i2.5828 pISSN 2588-0829
2024 Universidad Central del Ecuador eISSN 2697-3243
CC BY-NC 4.0 —Licencia Creative Commons Reconocimiento-NoComercial 4.0 Internacional vicedecanat.ng@uce.edu.ec
, (), -, . -
The development of this article addresses the issue of the application of the regulations inter-
national ISO 11460:2007 and its compliance for the evaluation of motorcycles and tricycles
of the city of Quito, which is specically related to the placement and lighting level of the
lighting devices of these vehicles. For this reason, the main objective of the study is related
to carrying out the test of illumination that is used for the homologation of motorcycles and
tricycles according to the ISO 11460:2007 standard, for which ve motorcycles taken from
the market from the year 2019, assembled in the country and abroad, the same that will put
in evidence the shortcomings and level of compliance observed in the motorcycles that make
up the sample for the investigation, whose results will allow establishing the current reality
of this problematic.
An adequate procedure was carried out for the evaluation of motorcycles in the lighting test,
as well as the approach, methods and instruments that allowed analyze and collect infor-
mation according to the guidelines set forth. Subsequently, in the results obtained from the
lighting test and the data from the ISO 11460:2007 standard, showing that the 5 evaluated
motorcycles disobey said standard in some of their lighting xtures
El desarrollo de este artículo aborda la temática de la aplicación de la normativa internacional
ISO 11460:2007 y su cumplimiento para la evaluación de motocicletas y tricimotos de la
ciudad de Quito, la cual se encuentra especícamente relacionada a la colocación y nivel de
iluminación de los dispositivos de iluminación de estos vehículos. Por esa razón, el objetivo
principal del estudio se encuentra relacionado a realizar el ensayo de iluminación que se usa
para la homologación de motocicletas y tricimotos acorde a la norma ISO 11460:2007, para
lo cual se utilizó como muestra a varias motos aprobadas para circulación en nuestro medio
tomadas del mercado a partir del año 2019, ensambladas en el país y en el exterior, el mismo
que pondrá en evidencia las falencias y nivel de cumplimiento observados en las motos que
conforman la muestra para la investigación, cuyos resultados permitirán establecer la realidad
actual de esta problemática.
Se realizó un procedimiento adecuado para la evaluación de las motocicletas en el ensayo
de iluminación, así como el enfoque, los métodos e instrumentos que permitieron analizar
y recolectar información de acuerdo con los lineamientos planteados. Posteriormente en los
resultados obtenidos del ensayo de iluminación y los datos de la norma ISO 11460:2007,
demostrando que las motos evaluadas desobedecen a dicha norma en algunos de sus disposi-
tivos de iluminación.
article history
Recepción:12/11/2023
Recibido tras revisión: 01/12/2023
Aprobación: 30/01/2024
Pubicación:15/06/2024
palabras clave
Norma ISO 11460:2007, dispositivos de
iluminación, luxómetro.
key words
ISO 11460:2007 standard, lighting devi-
ces, lux meter.
34
Implementation of the lighting test for the homologation of motorcycles and tricycles according to the ISO 11460:2007 standard
1. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this work is to know about the
international standard ISO 11460:2007 and its
assessment of motorcycles and tricycles in Quito
[1]. This is specically related to determine the
kind of illumination devices in these vehicles. The
conguration and intensity of headlights play a
crucial role in the prevention of trac accidents,
both in four-wheeled vehicles and on motorcycles
and tricycles. It is recognized that low headlight
intensity can prevent a driver approaching an
intersection from detecting the presence of another
vehicle, which could lead to accidents, especially
in areas without trac lights or signaling [2]. On
the other hand, excessively high intensity can make
it dicult for oncoming drivers to see. In relation
to this issue, the National Trac Agency (ANT)
reports that, until April 2021, of all accidents
registered in Ecuador, 33 are linked to various
mechanical problems, of which 29 are related to
the lighting and design of the devices, representing
0.4% of the total. Therefore, the primary objective
of this study was to conduct lighting tests for the
certication of motorcycles and tricycles in Quito.
To conduct these tests, ve motorcycles from the
2019 and latest, both domestically assembled and
imported, were selected as a sample. The study
related to this international standard is detailed in an
evaluation test report, which will demonstrate the
deciencies and compliance levels observed in the
motorcycles that make up the study sample.
The results will determine the current state of this
study’s issue [3], [4]. This study is divided into
three parts:
The rst part deals with the origins and the signicance
of motorcycle lighting systems. The second part
analyzes how these systems impact the performance
of motorcycles. Finally, it provides a detailed
examination of the application of lighting systems and
their advantages from previous studies [5].
In conclusion, the study presents the following
research objectives:
Interpret the parameters in accordance with the
required regulations for conducting lighting tests
on motorcycles and tricycles, following ISO
11460:2007.
Implement the devices used in the lighting tests.
Analyze various cases and research on lighting
systems and their use in the automotive eld,
focusing on dierent components of a motorcycle.
This research will focus on analyzing the degree of
compliance with the aforementioned requirement
according to ISO 11460 of the International
Organization for Standardization. It is important to
note that there is neither a specic regulatory body
for this standard nor established tools to measure its
application.
2. METHOD
2.1.
[6]
It is a critical component of any motorcycle. Each
light on a motorcycle serves a specic function, and
its location, size, and color depend on its intended
purpose. According to the regulations [7], the basic
requirements that must be considered include:
Headlight: Position and orientation. It can be
separate from the front light and may be installed
above, below, or to the sides of the front light, with
reference centers being symmetric with respect to
the longitudinal plane of the vehicle [8]. The lights
should be oriented forward.
Dipped Beam Light: Position and orientation.
It can be separate or reciprocal to the front light,
with installation above, below, or on each side of
the front light. If there are two dipped beam lights,
they must be incorporated in such a way that they
are symmetrical with respect to the vehicle’s
longitudinal plane. Their height should not be less
than 500 mm or more than 1200 mm from the
ground. The lights must be oriented forward.
Front Position Light: Position and orientation. Like
the previous lights, it can be separate or combined
with another front light. The height of the light with
respect to the ground should not be less than 350
mm or more than 1200 mm. The headlight beams
are oriented forward.
Side Retroreective Device: Position and orientation.
There are no specic width requirements, but its
height should not be less than 300 mm or more than
900 mm from the ground. The orientation should be
perpendicular to the vehicle’s median longitudinal
plane and outward.
Rear Retroreective Device: Position and
orientation. Its reference center should be oriented
to the vehicle’s median longitudinal plane. The
reference center should be symmetrical concerning
35
Noroña M., et al.
the longitudinal plane [9]. The height should not be
less than 250 mm or more than 900 mm above the
ground. The orientation should be backward.
Direction Indicator Lamp: Position, orientation,
intensity. Regarding the front indicators, they
must have a minimum separation of 240 mm.
They should be situated outside the tangential
longitudinal vertical planes relative to the outer
edges of the illuminating surface. If the intensity is
90 cd, the separation is 75 mm. If the intensity is
175, the separation is 40 mm. If the intensity is 250,
the separation is 20 mm. If the intensity is 400 cd,
the separation is 0 mm. As for orientation, the front
indicators move with the steering angle.
Brake Light: Position and orientation. Its height
should not be less than 250 mm or more than 1500
mm. The brake light should be positioned at the rear
of the vehicle. Concerning orientation, the lamps
should be oriented backward.
Rear Position Light: Position and orientation.
Rear Registration Plate Light: Position and
orientation. They should illuminate the space
reserved for the vehicle’s registration plate.
Emergency Light: Position and orientation.
They should match the signals provided by the
simultaneous operation of all direction indicators.
Front Fog Light: Position and orientation.
The reference center should be on the median
longitudinal plane of the vehicle or at the edge of
the illuminating surface, not more than 250 mm
away. Its height should not be less than 250 mm
above the ground. The fog light should be oriented
forward.
Rear Fog Light: Position and orientation.
[7].
The steps to be followed for each test are as follows:
- Evaluation of Parallel Lighting Devices to
the Roadway Support Plane [6]
a) With the help of a laser level, the motorcycle was
positioned perpendicular to the road surface on the
track.
b) The vehicle was supported on a stand.
c) The handlebar was positioned straight ahead.
d) It was ensured that the lighting units mounted
symmetrically on the median longitudinal plane had
the same height to conrm compliance with this
condition.
- Evaluation of Perpendicular Retroreective
Devices to the Vehicle’s Median Plane [3], [7]
a) The motorcycle or tricycles were positioned
perpendicular to the road surface on the track.
b) The vehicle was held on a stand.
c) The handlebars were set in the relevant position,
straight ahead.
- Evaluation of Headlights
a) Assess whether they are independent or mutually
incorporated.
b) Evaluate the arrangement of independent lights,
whether horizontally symmetrical with respect to
another headlight or vertically symmetrical in the
longitudinal plane compared to another headlight.
c) In case of horizontal arrangement, the distance
between the two headlights should not exceed 200
mm.
d) The main headlight’s height should not be less
than 500 mm or more than 1300 mm above the
ground.
e) The maximum height above the ground is
measured from the highest point, and the minimum
height is measured from the lowest point of the
illuminating surface.
f) The front position lights must be oriented forward.
The lamps can move with the steering angle.
- Evaluation of Dipped Beam Lights
a) Assess whether they are independent or mutually
incorporated.
b) The height of the obliquely illuminated headlight
should not be less than 500 mm or more than 1200
mm.
c) The maximum height above the ground should be
measured from the highest point, and the minimum
height should be measured from the lowest point of
the illuminating surface.
d) The separation between the two headlights should
not exceed 200 mm.
e) The front position lights must be oriented forward.
The lamps can move with the steering angle.
f) Record the color and the number of lights on the
vehicle.
- Evaluation of Front Position Lights
a) Assess whether they are independent or mutually
incorporated.
b) A front position light can be independent or
combined with another front light.
c) The height of a front position light should not be
less than 350 mm or more than 1200 mm above the
ground.
36
Implementation of the lighting test for the homologation of motorcycles and tricycles according to the ISO 11460:2007 standard
d) The maximum height above the ground should be
measured from the highest point, and the minimum
height should be measured from the lowest point of
the illuminating surface.
e) Front position lights should be oriented forward.
The lamps can move with the steering angle.
f) Record the color and the number of lights on the
vehicle.
- Evaluation of Side Retroreective Devices
a) There are no specic requirements for width.
b) The height of the lateral retroreective device
should not be less than 300 mm or more than 900
mm above the ground.
c) The maximum height above the ground should be
measured from the highest point, and the minimum
height should be measured from the lowest point of
the illuminating surface.
d) Regarding length, the position of the lateral
retroreective devices should ensure they are not
hidden by the rider, passenger, or their clothing
under normal circumstances.
e) The reference axis of the lateral retroreective
device should be perpendicular to the vehicle’s
median longitudinal plane and directed outward. It
can move with the steering angle.
f) Record the color and the number of lights on the
vehicle.
- Evaluation of Rear Retroreective Devices
[3], [7]
a) For motorcycles equipped with a rear
retroreective device, the reference center should
be on the longitudinal plane of the vehicle’s central
axis.
b) If the motorcycle has two rear retroreective
devices, they should be mounted so that their
reference centers are symmetrical with respect to
the vehicle’s median longitudinal plane.
c) The height of a rear retroreective device should
not be less than 250 mm or more than 900 mm
above the ground.
d) The rear retroreective device should be oriented
backward.
e) Record the color and the number of lights on the
vehicle.
- Evaluation of Direction Indicator Lamps
a) Regarding width, the direction indicator
lamps should meet the following requirements as
applicable.
b) The separation between the two direction
indicators should be at least 240 mm.
c) The indicator should be located outside the
longitudinal vertical plane tangent to the outer edge
of the illuminating surface of the dipped beam light.
d) In the case of rear indicators, the space between
the inner edges of the two illuminating surfaces
should be at least 180 mm.
e) The height of the direction indicators should not
be less than 350 mm or more than 1200 mm above
the ground.
f) Regarding length, the distance forward from the
reference center of the rear indicator to the transverse
plane forming the rear limit of the vehicle’s total
length should not exceed 300 mm.
g) The front indicator can move with the steering
angle.
- Evaluation of Brake Lights
a) The height of the brake lights should not be less
than 250 mm or more than 1500 mm.
b) In length, the brake light should be located at the
rear of the vehicle.
c) Parking lights should be oriented backward.
d) Record the color and the number of lights on the
vehicle.
- Evaluation of Rear Position Lights [10]
a) The height of the parking lights should not be
less than 250 mm or more than 1500 mm.
b) In length, the brake light should be located at the
rear of the vehicle.
c) Parking lights should be oriented backward.
d) Record the color and the number of lights on the
vehicle.
- Evaluation of Registration Plate Light
The rear registration plate light should be positioned
and oriented to illuminate the space designated for
the registration plate.
Evaluation of Emergency Light
The location and direction of the emergency
light should be the same as that provided by the
simultaneous operation of all direction indicators.
- Evaluation of Front Fog Lights
a) Regarding width, the reference core of the fog
light should be on the vehicle’s longitudinal axis or
no more than 250 mm from the nearest illuminating
surface edge in that plane.
b) The height of the front fog lights should not be less
than 250 mm above the ground. The illuminating
surface point should not be higher than the highest
point of the dipped beam light illuminating surface.
c) The front fog lights should be oriented forward.
The lamps can move with the steering angle.
37
Noroña M., et al.
d) Record the color.
- Evaluation of Rear Fog Light
a) The length of the rear fog light should not be less
than 250 mm or more than 900 mm.
b) In extension, a rear fog light should be installed
at the rear of the vehicle.
c) The proximity between the illuminated part of
the rear fog light and the rear parking light should
not be less than 100 mm.
d) The rear fog lights should be oriented backward.
e) Record the color.
- Assessment of the Luminous Intensity of
Lighting Equipment [6]
a) Position the device in front of the lighting
equipment to be analyzed.
b) Try to maintain a maximum distance of 100 mm
from the headlight.
c) Raise or lower the device until the maximum
illumination value is conrmed.
d) Record the estimated values in an appropriate
format.
3. RESULTS
After conducting each of the evaluations and
obtaining the results, we proceeded with the
assessment reports, with the following results:
Motorcycle 1, based on the parameters indicated
in the relevant standard, has independent road
lights, position lights, and dipped beam lights, with
lighting devices parallel to the roadway support
plane.
However, it does not meet the requirements for side
retroreective devices, fog lights, and emergency
lights based on its model and characteristics.
Please refer to the sections below and see gure 1.
Motorcycle 2, as shown in gure 2, complies with
the parameters specied in the relevant standards.
It has incorporated lights, with its main headlights
being independent and its position, located in the
center.
The turn signals and emergency lights are
positioned at 400 mm, which is within the
applicable range, as the minimum requirement is
240 mm. Additionally, the height of these lights is
760 mm. However, the side retroreective devices
and fog lights do not meet the requirements based
on their type and characteristics.
Motorcycle 3, based on the parameters specied in
the relevant standard, features road lights, position
lights, and dipped beam lights that are mutually
incorporated, each at a height of 980 mm. The
lighting devices are parallel to the roadway support
plane.
However, like the previous cases, it does not meet
the requirements for side retroreective devices,
fog lights, and emergency lights based on its
model and characteristics. See gure 3 for visual
reference.
Finally, Motorcycle 5 features road lights and
dipped beam lights that are mutually incorporated at
a height of 970 mm. The position lights at a height
of 890 mm are independent and arranged one above
the other with symmetry concerning the median
longitudinal plane.
The turn signals and emergency lights are positioned
at 430 mm, which is within the applicable range,
with a height of 9300 mm.
However, the side retroreective devices and fog
lights do not meet the requirements based on their
type and characteristics. See gure 5 for visual
reference.
3.1. Discussion
Ecuadorian regulations establish specic
requirements for motorcycle lighting, addressing
the position, orientation, and height of both the
headlight and the low beam. These parameters seek
to ensure adequate visibility and symmetry in the
arrangement of the lights. In contrast, studies in the
United States reveal that many motorcycle accidents
involve drivers who do not perceive motorcycles,
especially at night, highlighting the importance of
eective lighting.
Experiments showed that during the day, a large
headlamp or daytime running lights improve
visibility, while at night, a large headlamp, and
additions such as illuminated fairings benet
identication in nighttime trac [11]. The
conclusion is that Ecuadorian regulations and
lighting recommendations derived from studies in
38
Implementation of the lighting test for the homologation of motorcycles and tricycles according to the ISO 11460:2007 standard
Figure 1.
Evaluation Test Report for Motorcycle
Figure 2.
Evaluation Test Report for Motorcycle 2
Ye ar 2019 India
Displaceme
155CC
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation Position
5, Specific requirements (ISO 11460:2007 standard)
Data collected from the trial
Absence of devices in the vehicle
1070mm
75
40
-
Measured value in (lux)
Calculated value in (cd)
Position and orientation
4.6 This national standard defines the position of the following lighting and signaling devices: - High beam (see 5.1); - Low beam (see 5.2); - Front position light (see 5.3); - Side retro-reflective
device (see 5.3); see 5.4);- Rear retro-reflective device (see 5.5);- Direction indicator light (see 5.6);- Brake light (see 5.7);- Rear position light (see 5.8);- Rear license plate light (see 5.9 );-
Emergency light (5.10);- Front fog light (see 5.11);- Rear fog light (see 5.12).
Rear direction indicator
lamp
Backward
750mm
Rear of the vehicle
Backward
Backward
310mm
Position
200mm
Retro-reflective
device
Position
It must illuminate the space reserved
for the license plate
Illuminates the space reserved for the license plate
Position and orientation same as
direction indicator lights
400
and rear
position lamp
Orientation
Height (between 350 mm to 1200
mm)
790mm
Forward
Forward
Position
Independent light arrangement
(Lights on top of each other)
(Lights side by side) - symmetrical
in relation to the median
longitudinal plane of the vehicle
Lights on top of each other
(belo w): in the median longitudinal
plane of the vehicle
Symmetry in independent lights
(Between high beam, low beam
and position light with the median
plane)
Position
Front direction indicator lamp
-
42,1
20
-
0
-
Distance from the center of light to the
transverse plane, from the rear limit of
the vehicle (max. 300 mm)
120mm
Forward
250 - 399
-
-
-
Minimum direction indicator intensity
(cd)
Minimum direction
indicator intensity (lux)
Minimum direction
indicator intensity (cd)
90 - 174
175 - 249
Measurement distance between the evaluated light and the device (m)
1,2
Distance between direction lights (min.
180 mm)
Forward
-
-
60,624
Symmetrical with the median
longitudinal plane of the vehicle
5.6.1.1.1 Table 1 - Minimum intensity of the direction indicator light and corresponding minimum separation distance with the nearest low beam
Backward
Backward
reflective device
In median
longitudinal plane
Height (between
250 mm to 900
In median longitudinal plane
530mm
Late ral retro-
reflective
device
Position and Orientation
Height (between 250 mm to 1500 mm)
Location (rear of vehicle)
Backward
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
Orientation
Rear
catadioptric
device
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Independent
880mm
Forward
Reciprocally incorporated
Center of reference to the median plane
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference
to the median plane)
Height (between 500 mm to 1200
mm)
Position
Forward
880mm
Forward
Height (between 500 mm to 1300
mm)
Position
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Distance between direction lights (min.
COMPARISON OF DATA OBTAINED FROM THE MOTORCYCLE LIGHTING TEST ACCORDING TO THE ISO 11460:2007 STANDARD
Country of origin
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Forward
Independent or reciprocally
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference
to the median plane)
Reciprocally incorporated
Center of reference to the median plane
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle
testing
Data obtained from motorcycle testing
Motorcycle Data 1
190
Beam
330mm
Location (do not obstruct outer edges
of low beam headlights)
Does not obstruct the outer edges of the low
beam headlights
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
Minimum separation distance from
headlights (mm)
Minimum separation distance from headlights
(mm)
Ye a r 2018 China
Displace m
ent
248cc
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
5, Specific requirements (ISO 11460:2007 standard)
Data collected from the trial
Absence of devices in the vehicle
Measured value in (lux)
Calculated value in (cd)
It must illuminate the space reserved for the
license plate
Illuminates the space reserved for the license plate
Height (between 250 mm
to 900 mm)
800mm
Position and orientation same as direction
indicato r lights
Has emergency light
Backward
Backward
Rear
catadioptric
device
Position
In median longitudina l
plane
In median longitudina l p lane
Position and orientation
4.6 This national standard defines the position of the following lighting and signaling devices: - High beam (see 5.1); - Low beam (see 5.2); - Front position light (see 5.3); - Side retro-reflective device (see 5.3); see
5.4);- Rear retro-reflective device (see 5.5);- Direction indicator light (see 5.6);- Brake light (see 5.7);- Rear position light (see 5.8);- Rear license plate light (see 5.9 );- Emergency light (5.10);- Front fog light (see
5.11);- Rear fog light (see 5.12).
5.6.1.1.1 Table 1 - Minimum intensity of the direction indicator light and corresponding minimum separation distance with the nearest low beam
Forward
Forward
Retro-reflective
device
Late ral retro-
reflective
device
Position and Orientation
reflective device
Orientation
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
150mm
Height (between 350 mm to 1200
mm)
810mm
Backward
Backward
rear position
lamp
Position
Height (between 250 mm to 1500 mm)
940mm
Position
Location (rear of vehicle)
Rear of the vehicle
Orientation
Backward
Backward
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Does not apply
Rear direction indicator
lamp
Position
Distance between direction lights (min. 180
mm)
260mm
Distance from the center of light to the
transverse plane, from the rear limit of the
vehicle (max. 300 mm)
210mm
Symmetry in independent lights
(Between high beam, low beam and
position light with the median plane)
Symmetrical with the me dian
longitudinal plane of the vehicle
96,768
175 - 249
-
-
Independent light arrangement (Lights
on top of each other) (Lights side by
side ) - s ymmetrical in rela tion to the
median longitudina l p lane o f the ve hicle
Lights side by side: in the median
longitudinal plane of the vehicle
250 - 399
-
-
400
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Independent
90 - 174
67,2
-
-
Forward
Forward
75
210mm
1,2
Forward
Forward
Minimum direction indica tor intensity ( cd)
Minimum direction
indicator intensity (lux)
Minimum direction
indicato r intensity (cd )
40
-
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Center of reference to the median plane
20
-
0
-
Measurement distance between the evaluated light and the device (m)
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Center of reference to the median plane
Location (do not obstruct outer edges of low
beam headlights)
Does not obstruct the outer edges of the low beam
headlights
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
760mm
Position
Independent or reciprocally
Reciprocally incorporated
Front direction indicator lamp
Position
Height (between 500 mm to 1300
mm)
850mm
Height (between 500 mm to 1200
mm)
850mm
Minimum separa tion dista nce from he adlights
(mm)
Minimum separa tion dista nce from he adlights (mm)
Forward
Forward
Beam
Position
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Reciprocally incorporated
COMPARISON OF DATA OBTAINED FROM THE MOTORCYCLE LIGHTING TEST ACCORDING TO THE ISO 11460:2007 STANDARD
Motorcycle Facts 2
Country of origin
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle
testing
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle testing
Distance between direction lights (min. 240
400mm
39
Noroña M., et al.
Figure 3.
Evaluation Test Report for Motorcycle 3
Figure 4.
Evaluation Test Report for Motorcycle 4
Ye a r 2018 Ecuador
Displacem
ent
198cc
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
5, Specific requirements (ISO 11460:2007 standard)
Data collected from the trial
Absence of devices in the vehicle
Measured value in (lux)
Calculated value in (cd)
Position and orientation
4.6 This national standard defines the position of the following lighting and signaling devices: - High beam (see 5.1); - Low beam (see 5.2); - Front position light (see 5.3); - Side retro-reflective device
(see 5.3); see 5.4);- Rear retro-reflective device (see 5.5);- Direction indicator light (see 5.6);- Brake light (see 5.7);- Rear position light (see 5.8);- Rear license plate light (see 5.9 );- Emergency light
(5.10);- Front fog light (see 5.11);- Rear fog light (see 5.12).
Rear direction
indicator lamp
Backward
Rear of the vehicle
Backward
Backward
Orientation
Re ar
catadioptric
device
260mm
Minimum d irec tion
indicator intensity (lux)
Minimum d irec tion
indicator inte nsity (cd)
90 - 174
175 - 249
250 - 399
-
375mm
Distance from the center of light to the
transverse plane, from the rear limit of
the vehicle (max. 3 00 mm)
Location (do not obstruct outer edges
of low beam headlights)
Does not obstruct the outer edges of the low beam
headlights
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
995mm
Retro-reflective
device
Position
It must illuminate the space reserved
for the license plate
Illuminates the space reserved for the license plate
Position and orientation same as
direction indicator lights
Orientation
Country of origin
Forward
Location (rear of vehicle)
Measurement distance between the evaluated light and the device (m)
Minimum sep aratio n distance fro m
headlights (mm)
Minimum sep aratio n distance fro m headlights (mm)
20
-
0
-
75
40
210
1,2
Backward
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
Distance between direction lights (min.
180 mm)
Forward
-
-
290mm
Position
200mm
Position
Data obtained from motorcycle testing
Height (between 500 mm to 1300
Position
Forward
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Reciprocally incorporated
Center of reference to the median plane
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle
testing
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Distance between direction lights (min.
240 mm)
Front direction indicator lamp
-
35,6
51,264
-
-
-
400
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Reciprocally incorporated
Height (between 500 mm to 1200
Forward
980mm
980mm
Forward
Reciprocally incorporated
Center of reference to the median plane
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
5.6.1.1.1 Table 1 - Minimum intensity of the direction indicator light and corresponding minimum separation distance with the nearest low beam
Backward
Backward
reflective device
In median longitudinal
plane
Height (between 250 mm
to 900 mm)
In median longitudinal p lane
630mm
Late ral re tro-
reflective
device
Position and Orientation
Minimum d irec tion indica tor intensity
(cd)
COMPARISON OF DATA OBTAINED FROM THE MOTORCYCLE LIGHTING TEST ACCORDING TO THE ISO 11460:2007 STANDARD
rear position
lamp
Position
Height (between 250 mm to 1500 mm)
900mm
Forward
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Independent light arrangement (Lights
on top of each other) (Lights side by
side) - symmetrical in relation to the
median lo ngitud inal plane of the vehicle
Does not apply
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Center of reference to the median plane
Beam
Position
Motorcycle Facts 3
Height (between 350 mm to 1200
mm)
980mm
Forward
Forward
Position
Symmetry in independent lights
(Between high beam, low beam and
position light with the median plane)
Does not apply
Ye a r 2018 Colo mbia
Displacem
248cc
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
5, Specific requirements (ISO 11460:2007 standard)
Data collected from the trial
Absence of devices in the vehicle
Measured value in (lux)
Calculated value in (cd)
It must illuminate the space reserved for
the license plate
Illuminates the space reserved for the license plate
Height (between 250 mm
to 900 mm)
785mm
Position and orientation same as
direction indicator lights
Backward
Backward
Re ar
catadioptric
device
Position
In median longitudinal
plane
In median longitudinal plane
Position and orientation
4.6 This national standard defines the position of the following lighting and signaling devices: - High beam (see 5.1); - Low beam (see 5.2); - Front position light (see 5.3); - Side retro-reflective device (see 5.3);
see 5.4);- Rear retro-reflective device (see 5.5);- Direction indicator light (see 5.6);- Brake light (see 5.7);- Rear position light (see 5.8);- Rear license plate light (see 5.9 );- Emergency light (5.10);- Front fog light
(see 5.11);- Rear fog light (see 5.12).
5.6.1.1.1 Table 1 - Minimum intensity of the direction indicator light and corresponding minimum separation distance with the nearest low beam
Forward
Forward
Retro-reflective
device
Late ral re tro-
reflective
device
Position and Orientation
reflective device
Orientation
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
830mm
Height (between 350 mm to 1200
mm)
890mm
Backward
Backward
and rear
position
lamp
Position
Height (between 250 mm to 1500 mm)
870mm
Position
Location (rear of vehicle)
Rear of the vehicle
Orientation
Backward
Backward
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Does not apply
Rear direction
indicator lamp
Position
Distance between direction lights (min.
180 mm)
240mm
Distance from the center of light to the
transverse plane, from the rear limit of
the ve hicle (max. 300 mm)
111mm
Symmetry in independent lights
(Between high beam, low beam and
position light with the median plane)
Symmetrical with the median
longitudinal plane of the vehicle
50,832
175 - 249
-
-
Independent light arrangement (Lights
on top of each other) (Lights side by
side) - symmetrical in relation to the
median longitudinal p lane of the vehicle
Lights on top of each other (below): in
the median longitudinal plane of the
vehicle
250 - 399
-
-
400
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Independent
90 - 174
35,3
-
-
Forward
Forward
75
220mm
1,2
Forward
Forward
Minimum d irection indicator intensity
(cd)
Minimum d irection
indicator intensity (lux)
Minimum d irection
indicator intensity (cd )
40
-
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Center of reference to the median plane
20
-
0
-
Measurement distance between the evaluated light and the device (m)
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Center of reference to the median plane
Location (do not obstruct outer edges
of low beam headlights)
Does not obstruct the outer edges of the low beam
headlights
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
840mm
Position
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Reciprocally incorporated
Front direction indicator lamp
Position
Height (between 500 mm to 1300
mm)
950mm
Height (between 500 mm to 1200
950mm
Minimum separation d ista nce from
head lights (mm)
Minimum separation d ista nce from headlights (mm)
Forward
Forward
Beam
Position
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Reciprocally incorporated
COMPARISON OF DATA OBTAINED FROM THE MOTORCYCLE LIGHTING TEST ACCORDING TO THE ISO 11460:2007 STANDARD
Motorcycle Facts 4
Country of origin
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle
testing
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle testing
Distance between direction lights (min.
240 mm)
430mm
40
Implementation of the lighting test for the homologation of motorcycles and tricycles according to the ISO 11460:2007 standard
the United States converge on the importance of
ensuring optimal visibility for motorcycles, both
day and night, through specic lighting provisions.
In accordance with the sections required by
the regulations on lighting devices, the specic
requirements, the number of motorcycles tested, the
positive results and the deciencies identied are
presented in gure 6(Annex gure 6). In particular
cases, all ve motorcycles were found to lack side
retroreective devices, as well as front and rear fog
lights. In addition, it was found that motorcycles
one and two were not equipped with emergency
lighting devices.
Analyzing several other research globally, we
can nd that in 2020, high fatality rates among
motorcyclists in the U.S. highlighted the need to
assess road safety [12]. Despite accounting for only
3% of vehicles, motorcycles contribute signicantly
to 42% of fatal guardrail impacts. The lack of
specic crash tests for motorcycles raises questions
about their safety in U.S. Road conditions. A study
using NCHRP data compared impact characteristics
between motorcycles, passenger vehicles, and
trucks, revealing similar angles of impact between
motorcycles and passenger vehicles. However, it
was evidenced that tractor-trailers have shallower
angles. In addition, motorcycles show troubling
trends, with a high propensity for rollover and
rider separation during events, signaling the need
to evaluate and improve motorcycle safety on U.S.
roads [12].
In a dierent context, this study on the application
of the ISO 11460:2007 standard in motorcycle
lighting in Ecuador revealed deciencies in the
Ye ar 2018 China
Displacem
198cc
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
Orientation
5, Specific requirements (ISO 11460:2007 standard)
Data collected from the trial
Absence of devices in the vehicle
Measured value in (lux)
Calculated value in (cd)
It must illuminate the space reserved
for the license plate
Illuminates the space reserved for the license plate
Height (between 250 mm
to 900 mm)
745mm
Position and orientation same as
direction indicator lights
Has emergency light
Backward
Backward
Rear
catadioptri
c device
Position
In median longitudinal
plane
In median longitudinal plane
Position and orientation
4.6 This national standard defines the position of the following lighting and signaling devices: - High beam (see 5.1); - Low beam (see 5.2); - Front position light (see 5.3); - Side retro-reflective device
(see 5.3); see 5.4);- Rear retro-reflective device (see 5.5);- Direction indicator light (see 5.6);- Brake light (see 5.7);- Rear position light (see 5.8);- Rear license plate light (see 5.9 );- Emergency light
(5.10);- Front fog light (see 5.11);- Rear fog light (see 5.12).
5.6.1.1.1 Table 1 - Minimum intensity of the direction indicator light and corresponding minimum separation distance with the nearest low beam
Forward
Forward
Retro-reflective
device
Lateral
retro-
reflective
device
Position and Orientation
reflective device
Orientation
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
190mm
Height (between 350 mm to 1200
mm)
890mm
Backward
Backward
rear position
lamp
Position
Height (between 250 mm to 1500 mm)
880mm
Position
Location (rear of vehicle)
Rear of the vehicle
Orientation
Backward
Backward
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Does not apply
Rear direction indicator
lamp
Position
Distance between direction lights (min.
180 mm)
335mm
Distance from the center of light to the
transverse plane, from the rear limit of
the vehicle (max. 300 mm)
280mm
Symmetry in independent lights
(Between high beam, low beam and
position light with the median plane)
Symmetrical with the median
longitudinal plane of the vehicle
101,52
175 - 249
-
-
Independent light arrangement (Lights
on top of each other) (Lights side by
side) - symmetrical in relation to the
median longitudinal plane of the vehicle
Lights on top of each other (below): in
the median longitudinal plane of the
vehicle
250 - 399
-
-
400
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Independent
90 - 174
70,5
-
-
Forward
Forward
75
200mm
1,2
Forward
Forward
Minimum direction indicator intensity
(cd)
Minimum direction
indicator intensity (lux)
Minimum direction
indicator intensity (cd)
40
-
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Center of reference to the median plane
20
-
0
-
Measurement distance between the evaluated light and the device (m)
Reciprocally incorporated light
arrangement (center of reference to the
median plane)
Center of reference to the median plane
Location (do not obstruct outer edges
of low beam headlights)
Does not obstruct the outer edges of the low beam
headlights
Height (between 350 mm to 1200 mm)
930mm
Position
Independent or reciprocally
Reciprocally incorporated
Front direction indicator lamp
Position
Height (between 500 mm to 1300
970mm
Height (between 500 mm to 1200
970mm
Minimum separation distance from
headlights (mm)
Minimum separation distance from headlights (mm)
Forward
Forward
Beam
Position
Independent or reciprocally
incorporated
Reciprocally incorporated
COMPARISON OF DATA OBTAINED FROM THE MOTORCYCLE LIGHTING TEST ACCORDING TO THE ISO 11460:2007 STANDARD
Motorcycle Facts 5
Country of origin
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle
testing
Data required by ISO 11460:2007 standard
Data obtained from motorcycle testing
Distance between direction lights (min.
370mm
Figure 5.
Evaluation Test Report for Motorcycle 5
41
Noroña M., et al.
compliance of the evaluated motorcycles with the
standard, highlighting the need to address these
issues to improve road safety in the country.
The study of the LONG (Longitudinal Oriented
Normative Time Gap compensation) concept
highlights an innovative lighting system for
motorcycles that seeks to improve visibility by
considering psychological and design factors [13].
Based on the hypothesis that motorcycles can be
perceived farther and slower than automobiles
due to their higher light placement and narrow
design, the LONG system distributes illumination
along a vertical axis. Evaluations in right-turn
scenarios showed that motorcycles equipped with
this system have visibility comparable to that of
cars [13]. Contrasting this innovative approach,
the ISO 11460:2007 standard for lighting tests
on motorcycles and tricycles stands out, which
establishes specic parameters to ensure road safety.
The research proposes to analyze compliance with
this regulation in Ecuador, pointing out the lack of
a specic regulatory body and tools to measure its
application. This comparison underscores the need
to explore technologies such as the LONG system
and consider their implementation in the existing
regulatory framework to improve motorcycle riding
safety.
In Ecuador, the approval process for motorcycles
and tricycles, carried out by a conformity
assessment body and the National Transit Agency,
does not include mandatory lighting requirements,
as set out in the RTE INEN 136 1R “Motorcycles”
standard. This gap highlights the need for a physical
assessment to conrm compliance with the specied
lighting xtures, as the motorcycles assessed do not
meet the noted standards. In contrast, in Malaysia,
motorcycles account for half of registered vehicles,
and despite their popularity, road accidents, mainly
involving motorcyclists, are a concern [14].
Safety technology in automobiles, such as the
anti-lock braking system (ABS), has proven to be
essential for occupant safety. In a study focused on
low-displacement motorcycles, braking distance and
stability were compared between motorcycles with
and without ABS, revealing a signicant reduction of
50% and 12% in dry and wet conditions, respectively.
This nding underscores the eectiveness of ABS in
improving braking performance on low-displacement
motorcycles, highlighting the importance of
considering similar safety technologies in the context
of vehicle homologation and regulation in dierent
regions [14].
4. CONCLUSIONS
In Ecuador, for motorcycles and tricycles to
be allowed in circulation, compliance with the
homologation process is needed. This process
is carried out through a conformity assessment
body and the National Transit Agency. It’s worth
mentioning that the lighting requirement is not
mandatory within the homologation process as
indicated in RTE INEN 136 1R “Motorcycles” -
Amendment 5.
It is evident that a physical evaluation of motorcycles
and tricycles is necessary to conrm that they
comply with the lighting device requirements
outlined in RTE INEN 136 1R “Motorcycles” since
the evaluated motorcycles do not meet the specied
standards.
Every year, many individuals make modications to
their motorcycles. Regardless of the model, there are
specialized companies that oer various accessories
to facilitate these modications, including
lights, mirrors, and even seats dierent from the
original. Although many of these are marketed as
homologated, it’s not always the case, and in some
instances, this can lead to costly consequences
when they are not accepted during the respective
inspections. For these and other reasons, it’s
essential to ensure that any modication complies
with the regulations to proceed with the respective
homologation [15], [16].
REFERENCES
[1] M. Hasegawa y T. Kaneko, «Detailed Study of
Hazard Analysis and Risk Assessment of ISO
26262 for Motorcycles,» SAE Mobilus, vol.
32, 2017.
[2] D. Moore, «Evaluation of the Revised ISO362
Standard for Vehicle Exterior Noise Measure-
ment,» SAE Technical Paper, 2005.
[3] Ferrer.V, «Moto-recambios,» 2017.
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Implementation of the lighting test for the homologation of motorcycles and tricycles according to the ISO 11460:2007 standard
[4] R. Hernández Sampieri, C. Fernández Collado
y M. Baptista Lucio, «Repositorio UDGVir-
tual,» 2010. [En línea]. Available:
http://biblioteca.udgvirtual.udg.mx/jspui/hand-
le/123456789/2707.
[5] B. Weaver, «Eect of motorcycle lighting con-
gurations on drivers’ perceptions of closing
during nighttime driving,» Transportation Re-
search Part F: Trac Psychology and Beha-
viour, vol. 90, pp. 333-346, 2022.
[6] D. Navarro, «Qué sistemas electrónicos llevan
las motos actuales (I),» 2022.
[7] CESVIMAP, «Normativa sobre iluminación en
motocicletas,» Revista CESVIMAP, 2017.
[8] M. Gould, «Judgments of approach speed for
motorcycles across dierent lighting levels
and the eect of an improved tri-headlight
conguration,» Accident Analysis & Preven-
tion, vol. 48, pp. 341 - 345, 2012.
[9] P. Lemonakis, «Investigation of speed and tra-
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se lighting conditions,» Journal of Safety Re-
search, vol. 78, pp. 138 - 145, 2021.
[10] T. Champahom, «Factors aecting severity
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[11] E. Fulton, G. Donne y F. Stroud, «Motorcycle
lighting: design for safety,» Int. J. of Vehicle
Design, vol. 9, 1988.
[12] M. Daanen, D. Gabauer y L. Riexinger, «Cha-
racterization of Motorcycle Encroachments in
the U.S. Transportation,» Journal of the Trans-
portation Research Board, 2023.
[13] Y. Tsutsumi y K. Maruyama, «Long lighting
system for enhanced conspicuity of motorcy-
cles,» JSAE Trans, 2007.
[14] A. Omar, F. Lamin, Z. Zulkipli y A. Hamzah,
«Determination of Stopping Distance for Low
CC Motorcycles with Antilock Braking,» Jur-
nal Kejuruteraan, vol. 6, 2023.
[15] E. E. Camas Velásquez, «Análisis del nivel de
luminosidad mediante técnicas de adquisición
de datos y fotométricas para la determinación
de la inuencia del sistema de iluminación
diurna en los vehículos de la ciudad de Cuen-
ca,» Repositorio Institucional de la Universi-
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[16] R. L. Burgos Castillo y A. Ramírez Mazzini,
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43
Noroña M., et al.
Appendix
Figure 6.
Analysis of Results from the Lighting Devices Test According to ISO 11460:2007 Standard
Year
Country-
Origin
Cylinder
capacity
Year
Country-
Origin
Cylinder
capacity
Year
Country-
Origin
Cylinder
capacit
y
Year
Country-
Origin
Cylinder
capacity
Year
Country-
Origin
Cylinder
capacity
2019
India 155 cc 2019 Ecuador 198 cc 2019 China 248 cc 2019 China 250 cc 2019 Colombia 645 cc
Headlight
Turn signal
Position Light
Lateral Catadioptric Device
Rear Catadioptric Device
Indicator Light for Direction
Indicator Light for Reverse
Brake Light and Position Light for Rear
License Plate Light
Emergency Light
Antifog Light
Specific Requirements of Normative 11460:2007
Quantity of Motorcycles Involved
Description of Motorcycles
Complies with the required standard
XDoes not comply with the required standard
Analysis of Results from the Lighting Devices Test According to ISO 11460:2007 Standard
Standard Requirement
Motorcycle 01
Motorcycle 02
Motorcycle 03
Motorcycle 04
Motorcycle 05
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
