Efecto del Bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara en el ingreso de las cuidadoras en Ecuador (2022-2024)
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study evaluates the effect of the Bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara (BJGL) on the labour income of caregivers in Ecuador. It combines 2022–2024 ENEMDU microdata with a non-parametric methodology based on propensity score matching and OLS models to estimate the treatment effect on beneficiaries compared to similar caregivers who do not receive the transfer. The results indicate that the BJGL reduces caregivers’ labour income by 35–40%, even after controlling for multidimensional deprivations. The paper discusses the tensions between social protection, the organization of care, and caregivers’ economic autonomy.
Downloads
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors who publish in this journal accept the following conditions:
- The authors retain the copyright and assign to the Economics Magazine the right of the first publication, with the work registered under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0, which enables third parties to redistribute, commercial or non-commercial, of what has been published as long as the article circulates completely and without changes.
- Authors can make other independent and additional contractual agreements for the distribution of the article published in this journal (for example, add it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book) as long as they clearly and clearly specify that the article was published for the first time. once in Revista Economía. In case of reproduction, a note similar to the one presented below must be included: This text was originally published in the Revista Economía No.…, volume…, number of pages, year of publication.
- Authors are suggested to publish their work on the internet (for example, on institutional or personal pages) of the final version published by Revista Economía since this can lead to greater and faster dissemination of the published article.
References
Adato, M. (2000). The Impact of PROGRESA on Women’s Status and Intrahousehold Relations. International Food Policy Research Institute. https://ageconsearch.umn.edu/record/16026/files/mi00ad01.pdf
Alkire, S., & Foster, J. (2011). Counting and multidimensional poverty measurement. Journal of Public Economics, 95(7-8), 476-487. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpubeco.2010.11.006
Alkire, S., Foster, J. E., Seth, S., Santo, M. E., & Roche, J. M. (Eds.). (2015). Multidimensional poverty measurement and analysis. 10: Some regression models for AF measures. Oxford Poverty & Human Development Initiative.
Asamblea Nacional del Ecuador. (2008). Constitución de la República del Ecuador.
Auerbach, P., Genoni, M. E., & Pagés, C. (2005). Social Security Coverage and the Labor Market in Developing Countries. Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0010733
Austin, P. C. (2011). An Introduction to Propensity Score Methods for Reducing the Effects of Confounding in Observational Studies. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 46(3), 399-424. https://doi.org/10.1080/00273171.2011.568786
Bauchet, J., Undurraga, E. A., Reyes-García, V., Behrman, J. R., & Godoy, R. A. (2018). Conditional cash transfers for primary education: Which children are left out? World Development, 105, 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.12.021
Blofield, M., & Martinez Franzoni, J. (2015). Maternalism, Co-responsibility, and Social Equity: A Typology of Work-Family Policies. Social Politics: International Studies in Gender, State & Society, 22(1), 38-59. https://doi.org/10.1093/sp/jxu015
Caliendo, M., & Kopeinig, S. (2008). SOME PRACTICAL GUIDANCE FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF PROPENSITY SCORE MATCHING. Journal of Economic Surveys, 22(1), 31-72. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6419.2007.00527.x
Casado-Marín, D., García-Gómez, P., & López-Nicolás, Á. (2011). Informal care and labour force participation among middle-aged women in Spain. SERIEs, 2(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13209-009-0008-5
Chant, S. (2008). The ‘Feminisation of Poverty’ and the ‘Feminisation’ of Anti-Poverty Programmes: Room for Revision? The Journal of Development Studies, 44(2), 165-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220380701789810
Costa-Font, J., Jimenez-Martin, S., & Vilaplana-Prieto, C. (2022). Thinking of Incentivizing Care? The Effect of Demand Subsidies on Informal Caregiving and Intergenerational Transfers. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4119169
Costa-Font, J., & Vilaplana-Prieto, C. (2023). Caregiving subsidies and spousal early retirement intentions. Journal of Pension Economics and Finance, 22(4), 550-589. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1474747222000142
Cruz, R. Z., & Cardona, P. C. (2007). Síndrome de carga del cuidador. Revista Colombiana Psiquiátrica, 1, 26-39.
De Brauw, A., Gilligan, D. O., Hoddinott, J., & Roy, S. (2015). Bolsa Família and Household Labor Supply. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 63(3), 423-457. https://doi.org/10.1086/680092
Duffey Castillo, D. E. (2019). Sobrecarga y Trastornos mentales asociados a autocuidado en cuidadores informales de personas que reciben el Bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara del Distrito 17D06 Chilibulo – Lloa [UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR]. http://www.dspace.uce.edu.ec/handle/25000/20913
DuGoff, E. H., Schuler, M., & Stuart, E. A. (2014). Generalizing Observational Study Results: Applying Propensity Score Methods to Complex Surveys. Health Services Research, 49(1), 284-303. https://doi.org/10.1111/1475-6773.12090
Elson, D. (2000). Accountability for the Progress of Women: Women Demanding Action: Vol. Progress of the World’s Women: UNIFEM Biennial Report. United Nations Development Fund for Women. https://www.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Headquarters/Media/Publications/UNIFEM/152preface.pdf
Elson, D. (2005). Unpaid Work, the Millennium Development Goals, and Capital Accumulation: Vol. The Levy Institute of Bard College. UNDP-Levy Institute Conference.
Espinola, N., Pichon-Riviere, A., Casarini, A., Alcaraz, A., Bardach, A., Williams, C., Rodriguez Cairoli, F., Augustovski, F., & Palacios, A. (2023). Making visible the cost of informal caregivers’ time in Latin America: A case study for major cardiovascular, cancer and respiratory diseases in eight countries. BMC Public Health, 23(1), 28. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-022-14835-w
Esquivel, V. (2011). La economía del cuidado en América Latina: Poniendo a los cuidados en el centro de la agenda. PNUD.
Federici, S. (2018). Revolución en punto cero: Trabajo doméstico, reproducción y luchas feministas (Segunda edición). Traficantes de Sueños.
Folbre, N. (2001). The invisible heart: Economics and family values. the New press.
Forttes Valdivia, P. (2020). Envejecimiento y atención a la dependencia en Ecuador. Inter-American Development Bank. https://doi.org/10.18235/0002982
Garganta, S., Gasparini, L., & Marchionni, M. (2017). Cash transfers and female labor force participation: The case of AUH in Argentina. IZA Journal of Labor Policy, 6(1), 10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40173-017-0089-x
Gertler, P. J., Martinez, S., Premand, P., Rawlings, L., & Veermersch, C. M. J. (2017). La evaluacion de impacto en la practica (Segunda edicion). The World Bank.
Goyeneche, G., Lara, C., Pérez de Sierra, I., & Villegas Plá, B. (2025). Transformando las normas de género a través del Sistema Nacional Integrado de Cuidados en Uruguay [Informe ALIGN/CIEDUR]. CIEDUR. https://ciedur.org.uy/site/wp-content/uploads/2025/04/Transformando-las-normas-de-genero-a-traves-del-sistema-nacional-integrado-de-cuidados-en-uruguay.pdf?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Guerrero Jara, P. (2009). Impact of cash transfers on women’s time use: The Ecuadorian case. [Erasmus University Rotterdam]. http://hdl.handle.net/2105/6585
Heger, D., & Korfhage, T. (2020). Short- and Medium-Term Effects of Informal Eldercare on Labor Market Outcomes. Feminist Economics, 26(4), 205-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/13545701.2020.1786594
Heymann, J., Raub, A., Waisath, W., Earle, A., Stek, P., & Sprague, A. (2024). Paid Leave to Meet the Health Needs of Aging Family Members in 193 Countries. Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 36(4), 508-531. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2022.2110804
Heymann, J., Sprague, A., & Raub, A. (2023). Equality within Our Lifetimes: How Laws and Policies Can Close—or Widen—Gender Gaps in Economies Worldwide. University of California Press. https://doi.org/10.1525/luminos.147
Ho, D. E., Imai, K., King, G., & Stuart, E. A. (2007). Matching as Nonparametric Preprocessing for Reducing Model Dependence in Parametric Causal Inference. Political Analysis, 15(3), 199-236. https://doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpl013
Imbens, G. W., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1), 5-86. https://doi.org/10.1257/jel.47.1.5
Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Censos (INEC). (2024). Encuesta Nacional de Empleo, Desempleo y Subempleo (ENEMDU), microdatos trimestrales 2022–2024 [Dataset]. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/enemdu-trimestral/
Jacob, A., Palermo, M. L., Remorini, C., & Romero Gozzi, P. (2021). Organización social y relaciones de cooperación para el cuidado infantil en una población rural del Noroeste Argentino. Población & Sociedad, 28(2), 168-199. https://doi.org/10.19137/pys-2021-280209
Kidd, S, Gelders, B, & Athias, D. (2020). Social protection and disability in Brazil. Development Pathways. https://www.developmentpathways.co.uk/publications/social-protection-and-disability-in-brazil/?utm_source=chatgpt.com
Lee, S. (2024). SPOUSAL LABOR SUPPLY, CAREGIVING, AND THE VALUE OF DISABILITY INSURANCE. International Economic Review, 65(4), 1681-1716. https://doi.org/10.1111/iere.12712
Leite, W. (2017). Practical propensity score methods using R. Sage.
Lenis, D., Nguyen, T. Q., Dong, N., & Stuart, E. A. (2019). It’s all about balance: Propensity score matching in the context of complex survey data. Biostatistics, 20(1), 147-163. https://doi.org/10.1093/biostatistics/kxx063
Manning, W. G., & Mullahy, J. (2001). Estimating log models: To transform or not to transform? Journal of Health Economics, 20(4), 461-494. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0167-6296(01)00086-8
Marcillo, E., Mullally, C., Reimão, M. E., & Useche, P. (2021). Do Conditional Cash Transfers Reinforce the Traditional Gendered Division of Labor? SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3995733
Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano. (2025a). Informe mensual de gestión de bonos y pensiones: Octubre 2025.
Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano. (2025b). Reporte de transferencias monetarias – Octubre 2025. https://info.desarrollohumano.gob.ec/index.php/reportes-ancusrext/2025-rep-trans-mone
Ministerio de Desarrollo Humano. (2025c). Servicios de inclusión económica – Aseguramiento no contributivo [Portal estadístico]. https://info.desarrollohumano.gob.ec/index.php/servicios-de-inclusion-economica-usrext/aseguramiento-no-contributivo-usrext
Molyneux, M. (2006). Mothers at the Service of the New Poverty Agenda: Progresa/Oportunidades, Mexico’s Conditional Transfer Programme. Social Policy & Administration, 40(4), 425-449. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9515.2006.00497.x
Murillo, A., Guerrero, W., & Cuaical, D. (2025). Factors influencing the probability of affiliation to the social security system among informal sector workers in Ecuador. Revista Cuestiones Económicas, 35(1), 105-139. https://doi.org/10.47550/35.1.4
Puente De La Vega Caceres, A., Quispe Ramos, E., & Ramos Meza, C. S. (2024). Moderating the Effect of the Multidimensional Poverty Index on the Relationship between Sustainable Governance Indicators and Worldwide Governance Indicators. Sustainability, 16(7), 2855. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16072855
Ramírez Calixto, C. Y., & Luna Álvarez, H. E. (2018). La cuidadora de personas discapacitadas en Ecuador: El caso de las beneficiarias del bono Joaquín Gallegos Lara. Universidad y Sociedad, 10(3), 98-103.
Razavi, S. (2007). The Political and Social Economy of Care in a Development Context: Conceptual Issues, Research Questions and Policy Options. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development, 3. https://cdn.unrisd.org/assets/library/papers/pdf-files/razavi-paper.pdf
Ridgeway, G., Kovalchik, S. A., Griffin, B. A., & Kabeto, M. U. (2015). Propensity Score Analysis with Survey Weighted Data. Journal of Causal Inference, 3(2), 237-249. https://doi.org/10.1515/jci-2014-0039
Rodríguez Enríquez, C. (2012). La cuestión del cuidado: ¿El eslabón perdido del análisis económico? Revista de la CEPAL, 2012(106), 23-36. https://doi.org/10.18356/9241f4b8-es
Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41-55. https://doi.org/10.1093/biomet/70.1.41
Rubin, D. B. (1979). Using Multivariate Matched Sampling and Regression Adjustment to Control Bias in Observational Studies. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 74(366), 318. https://doi.org/10.2307/2286330
Schmitz, H., & Westphal, M. (2017). Informal care and long-term labor market outcomes. Journal of Health Economics, 56, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhealeco.2017.09.002
Stanfors, M., Jacobs, J. C., & Neilson, J. (2019). Caregiving time costs and trade-offs: Gender differences in Sweden, the UK, and Canada. SSM - Population Health, 9, 100501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssmph.2019.100501
Stuart, E. A. (2010). Matching Methods for Causal Inference: A Review and a Look Forward. Statistical Science, 25(1). https://doi.org/10.1214/09-STS313
Ullmann, H., Cecchini, S., Atuesta, B., & Rubio, M. (2020). Las transferencias monetarias no contributivas: Un instrumento para promover los derechos y el bienestar de la población infantil con discapacidad en América Latina y el Caribe. CEPAL/UNICEF.
Wakabayashi, C., & Donato, K. M. (2005). The Consequences of Caregiving: Effects on Women’s Employment and Earnings. Population Research and Policy Review, 24(5), 467-488. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11113-005-3805-y