De la Construcción 4.0 a la Construcción 5.0: Marco de transición hacia una innovación sostenible en Ecuador
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La transformación digital del sector de la construcción ha impulsado la emergencia de dos paradigmas interrelacionados: la Construcción 4.0, basada en la automatización y el uso de tecnologías ciberfísicas, y la Construcción 5.0, orientada a la sostenibilidad y la centralidad humana. Este estudio realiza una revisión sistemática narrativa con enfoque comparativo, siguiendo las directrices PRISMA 2020, a partir de un corpus de 38 estudios seleccionados entre 2015 y 2025. Los resultados evidencian que la Construcción 4.0 ha alcanzado altos niveles de madurez tecnológica (TRL 7–9), con avances en productividad, eficiencia y seguridad laboral, pero mantiene limitaciones en sostenibilidad y desarrollo humano. En contraste, la Construcción 5.0 se encuentra en una fase emergente (TRL 3–6), priorizando la colaboración humano–máquina, la economía circular y la ética digital. A partir de estas diferencias, se propone un framework de transición hacia la Construcción 5.0 sostenible en Ecuador, estructurado en cuatro ejes interdependientes: tecnológico, humano, ambiental y político–institucional. Este marco busca orientar políticas, estrategias y procesos de innovación en el contexto latinoamericano, articulando la digitalización con el bienestar social y la sostenibilidad ambiental. Los resultados aportan una visión integral para acelerar la transformación digital sostenible del sector de la construcción en países en desarrollo.
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