Traceability of the use of explosives in illegal mining in Pataz, Peru

Abstract

The use of explosives in illegal mining is a high-risk phenomenon due to the lack of traceability and control systems. Addressing the flaws in traceability mechanisms and their impact on the expansion of criminal networks is important in order to consider various perspectives that integrate concepts of technological oversight, regulatory standards, and risk management in informal mining activities. In this regard, the objective was to analyze the traceability of the use of explosives in illegal mining in Pata, Peru. The study is a qualitative investigation with a phenomenological hermeneutic design. A documentary analysis and 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted with police officers, resident miners, and SUCAMEC officials. The results show the systematic diversion of explosives from legal mines, artisanal manufacturing, and the existence of criminal networks. In addition, the most commonly used inputs are ammonium nitrate, ANFO, and nitroglycerin, which are used because of their easy access and low cost. As for the sources of explosives, they come mainly from formal companies in the mining and construction sectors. The transport of explosives is characterized by the diversity of vehicles used and the precariousness of controls in the area. The routes for marketing explosives are diverse and it is easy to move explosives through multiple access points. It is concluded that traceability is insufficient and that advanced digital technology, institutional interoperability, and biometric controls are required.