Menopausia y Síndrome Climatérico
Resumen
La Menopausia se define como el cese irreversible del ciclo reproductivo femenino y de las menstruaciones. La edad promedio es de 50 (1). Aproximadamente la mitad de las mujeres dejarán de menstruar entre los 45-50 años de edad; una cuarta parte lo hacen antes de los 45 años y el resto después de los 50 años (2). El síndrome climatérico comprende un período largo de tiempo en el que se presentan diferentes cambios físicos y emocionales que ocurren a consecuencia de la disminución en la producción de estrógenos por los ovarios.
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l. Kraila MD, Pie MC. Estimulation of the distribution of age at material menopause from povalence data Am 5. Epidemiologi 117: 356, 1983.
2. James HW In Ryorn KL Dhem publications (NIH) 3: 73, 1980.
3. Askel S, Schomberg DW, Vasomotr Ayuptamas, renum estrogens and fonadotropier levelsin vagical menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125: 165, 1976.
4. Mulley G, Mitchell JRA: Menopausal Flushig jacet I : 1939, 1976.
5. Sturdee DWn Wubib Ja. Physicologic aspects of the menopausal hot flush. Br. Med. J. 2: 79, 1980.
6. Meldrum DR, Tataryun IV. Gonadotropins estrogens and adrenal steroides during the menopausal hot flush. J. Clin Endocrinol, Metb. 50: 685. 1986.
7, Pfeffer R.I. Kurosati TT. Estrogen use and blood pressure inlaten lige Am J. Epidemiol 110: 469, 1980.
8. Shindlet B. transtornos psiquiátricos de la edad madura clin Med Norteam I : 72. 1986.
9. Hurte. MS: Emotioanol Will-Veino sexual behaviceur and hormane repalcement therapy., Maturitas, 12: 299, 1990.
10. Amunder DW. The age of menopause in medical Europe. Hum Biol 45: 605, 1982.
11. Richarson S, Semikas, V. Releción folicular durante la transición menopáusica. J. Clin Endoc. Metab. 65: 1231, 1987.
12. Foster W. Text Book of Endocrinology WB 210: 225, 1986.
13. Brincat M; A study of the crecrese of skin collegen content stin trinkness and bone mess in the posmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 70; 40, 1987.
14 Vermenlen A. The normonal activity of the postmenopausel ovary J. Clin Endocrinol Met. 42: 247, 1981.
15 Judd HL Hormonal dunanics associated with the menopause, Clin Obstet Gynecol 19: 775, 1982.
16 Gonzáles Merlo, J. Finelogía Salvat Editores S.A. Barcela 111 Ed, 132-145, 1984.
17 Betero J. Obstetricia y Ginecología, Carvajal S.A. Cali ed. 803: 811, 1985.
18 Frenblatt R.B. Ovarian and adrenal steroid production with postmenopausal woman. Obst Gynecol 47: 980, 1982.
19 Judd HL, Juud GE. Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary; concentration of androgen oland estrogen in ovarion and periphral veimblood. 5 Clin Endocrino Metab. 39: 210, 1984.
20 Grodin JM Siteri PR, Mac Fonal PC. Source of estrogen production in post menopausal woman J. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 36: 207, 1983.
21 Gordon T. High density liporptein as a protections factor against coronary heart disease. Am J Med 38: 180, 1982.
22 Kammel WB. Serum Cholezteronl. Lopoproteínas and the risk of coronary heart disease. Am internol Med 118510, 1983. La Rosa JC: Women, lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease risk, Lan J. Cardiol 6: 23, 1990.
S Palacios Gil Antuñano. Terapéutica. El empleo racional de fármacos en el tratamiento de la menopausia. Medicina Integral. Medicina Preventiva y Asistencial. 18(8): 351-357, 1991.
Sitruk-wore R. Estrogen therapy durin Menopause. Practical tretment Recomendations. Drugs 1990 39 (2) 203217.
Palacios S. Menopausia y Osteoporosis. Emsor, Ed. 1990; 1-27.
Harry K. Genant, David J. Baylinf, and J. Gallagher. Es. trogens in the prevention of osteroporosis in post Menopausal women. am J. Obstet Gynecol 1989 161: 1842-46.
Kable, W. T., Gallagher, J.C., Nachtigall, I. Lipid Changes after Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopause. Menopause Digest. 3: 22-26 May 1191.
Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Estogen Replacement Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease. Menopause Digest, 5: 2-21 November 1991.
Dupont, W.D., Page, D.L, Menopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer. Menopause Digest. 5: 18-20 November 1991.
Steinberg, K.K. Thacker, S.B., Jay Smith, S.A. MetaAnalysis of the Effect of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on the Risck of Breast Cancer. Menopause Digest. 2: 1921 March 1992.
Palacios, S., Menendez, C., Díaz Salgado, C. Terapia Hormonal Sustitutiva y Cánceres Ginecológicos. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecología, 1990 33: 45-54.
Powers, M.s., Schenkel, Le, Darley, P.E., Good, w.R., Balestra, J.C., Place, V.A : Pharmacokinetcs and Pharmacodynamics of Trasdermal dosage forms of 17-B estradiol: Comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 152, 1099-1985.
Palacios, S., Menéndez, C., Consideraciones sobre la Terapia Hormonal Sustitutiva en el Climaterio. Semer 1989; 111: 301-309.
Chetkowski, R., Meldrum., Steingold, R., Lu, J. , Eggena, P., Randle, D., Judd, H.: Biological effects of estradiol administered by a transdermal therapeutic effects of estradiol administered by a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). Paper presented and So. Gynecol, Investig.,
Annual Metting. Phoenix, Arizona, March 21-23. 39. 36. Cutler W, Garcia CR.,: Tratamiento Médico de la Menopausia y la Premenopausia. Medici 1987. 40. 37,
Darj, E, Nilsson, S.,: Clinical and Endometrial Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone in Postmenopausal women. Menopause Digest. 5: 27-28 November 1991. 41.
Rees, M.C.P. and Barlow. D.H. Quantitation of Hormone Replacement Induce Withdrawal Bleeds. Menopause Digest. 5: 28-29 November 1991.
Studd J Whitehead M. The Menopause. Blachwell Scientific Publications, 1988.
Robert P. Heaney. Importancia de la Nutriciön para evitar y tratar la Osteoporosis. Clinicas Obstétricas y Ginecolögicas 4: 793-805.
Heaney R.P. Recker R.R., Distribution of Calcium absorption in midele-aged woman. A.J. Clin Nutric. 1986; 43: 299.
2. James HW In Ryorn KL Dhem publications (NIH) 3: 73, 1980.
3. Askel S, Schomberg DW, Vasomotr Ayuptamas, renum estrogens and fonadotropier levelsin vagical menopause. Am J Obstet Gynecol 125: 165, 1976.
4. Mulley G, Mitchell JRA: Menopausal Flushig jacet I : 1939, 1976.
5. Sturdee DWn Wubib Ja. Physicologic aspects of the menopausal hot flush. Br. Med. J. 2: 79, 1980.
6. Meldrum DR, Tataryun IV. Gonadotropins estrogens and adrenal steroides during the menopausal hot flush. J. Clin Endocrinol, Metb. 50: 685. 1986.
7, Pfeffer R.I. Kurosati TT. Estrogen use and blood pressure inlaten lige Am J. Epidemiol 110: 469, 1980.
8. Shindlet B. transtornos psiquiátricos de la edad madura clin Med Norteam I : 72. 1986.
9. Hurte. MS: Emotioanol Will-Veino sexual behaviceur and hormane repalcement therapy., Maturitas, 12: 299, 1990.
10. Amunder DW. The age of menopause in medical Europe. Hum Biol 45: 605, 1982.
11. Richarson S, Semikas, V. Releción folicular durante la transición menopáusica. J. Clin Endoc. Metab. 65: 1231, 1987.
12. Foster W. Text Book of Endocrinology WB 210: 225, 1986.
13. Brincat M; A study of the crecrese of skin collegen content stin trinkness and bone mess in the posmenopausal women. Obstet Gynecol 70; 40, 1987.
14 Vermenlen A. The normonal activity of the postmenopausel ovary J. Clin Endocrinol Met. 42: 247, 1981.
15 Judd HL Hormonal dunanics associated with the menopause, Clin Obstet Gynecol 19: 775, 1982.
16 Gonzáles Merlo, J. Finelogía Salvat Editores S.A. Barcela 111 Ed, 132-145, 1984.
17 Betero J. Obstetricia y Ginecología, Carvajal S.A. Cali ed. 803: 811, 1985.
18 Frenblatt R.B. Ovarian and adrenal steroid production with postmenopausal woman. Obst Gynecol 47: 980, 1982.
19 Judd HL, Juud GE. Endocrine function of the postmenopausal ovary; concentration of androgen oland estrogen in ovarion and periphral veimblood. 5 Clin Endocrino Metab. 39: 210, 1984.
20 Grodin JM Siteri PR, Mac Fonal PC. Source of estrogen production in post menopausal woman J. Clin Endocrinol Metab. 36: 207, 1983.
21 Gordon T. High density liporptein as a protections factor against coronary heart disease. Am J Med 38: 180, 1982.
22 Kammel WB. Serum Cholezteronl. Lopoproteínas and the risk of coronary heart disease. Am internol Med 118510, 1983. La Rosa JC: Women, lipoproteins and cardiovascular disease risk, Lan J. Cardiol 6: 23, 1990.
S Palacios Gil Antuñano. Terapéutica. El empleo racional de fármacos en el tratamiento de la menopausia. Medicina Integral. Medicina Preventiva y Asistencial. 18(8): 351-357, 1991.
Sitruk-wore R. Estrogen therapy durin Menopause. Practical tretment Recomendations. Drugs 1990 39 (2) 203217.
Palacios S. Menopausia y Osteoporosis. Emsor, Ed. 1990; 1-27.
Harry K. Genant, David J. Baylinf, and J. Gallagher. Es. trogens in the prevention of osteroporosis in post Menopausal women. am J. Obstet Gynecol 1989 161: 1842-46.
Kable, W. T., Gallagher, J.C., Nachtigall, I. Lipid Changes after Hormone Replacement Therapy for Menopause. Menopause Digest. 3: 22-26 May 1191.
Stampfer, M.J., Colditz, G.A., Estogen Replacement Therapy and Coronary Heart Disease. Menopause Digest, 5: 2-21 November 1991.
Dupont, W.D., Page, D.L, Menopausal Estrogen Replacement Therapy and Breast Cancer. Menopause Digest. 5: 18-20 November 1991.
Steinberg, K.K. Thacker, S.B., Jay Smith, S.A. MetaAnalysis of the Effect of Estrogen Replacement Therapy on the Risck of Breast Cancer. Menopause Digest. 2: 1921 March 1992.
Palacios, S., Menendez, C., Díaz Salgado, C. Terapia Hormonal Sustitutiva y Cánceres Ginecológicos. Progresos de Obstetricia y Ginecología, 1990 33: 45-54.
Powers, M.s., Schenkel, Le, Darley, P.E., Good, w.R., Balestra, J.C., Place, V.A : Pharmacokinetcs and Pharmacodynamics of Trasdermal dosage forms of 17-B estradiol: Comparison with conventional oral estrogens used for hormone replacement. Amer. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 152, 1099-1985.
Palacios, S., Menéndez, C., Consideraciones sobre la Terapia Hormonal Sustitutiva en el Climaterio. Semer 1989; 111: 301-309.
Chetkowski, R., Meldrum., Steingold, R., Lu, J. , Eggena, P., Randle, D., Judd, H.: Biological effects of estradiol administered by a transdermal therapeutic effects of estradiol administered by a transdermal therapeutic system (TTS). Paper presented and So. Gynecol, Investig.,
Annual Metting. Phoenix, Arizona, March 21-23. 39. 36. Cutler W, Garcia CR.,: Tratamiento Médico de la Menopausia y la Premenopausia. Medici 1987. 40. 37,
Darj, E, Nilsson, S.,: Clinical and Endometrial Effects of Estradiol and Progesterone in Postmenopausal women. Menopause Digest. 5: 27-28 November 1991. 41.
Rees, M.C.P. and Barlow. D.H. Quantitation of Hormone Replacement Induce Withdrawal Bleeds. Menopause Digest. 5: 28-29 November 1991.
Studd J Whitehead M. The Menopause. Blachwell Scientific Publications, 1988.
Robert P. Heaney. Importancia de la Nutriciön para evitar y tratar la Osteoporosis. Clinicas Obstétricas y Ginecolögicas 4: 793-805.
Heaney R.P. Recker R.R., Distribution of Calcium absorption in midele-aged woman. A.J. Clin Nutric. 1986; 43: 299.
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Publicado
2017-06-24
Cómo citar
1.
Veloz F, Espejo F, Vintimilla F, Galindo I, Montenegro G. Menopausia y Síndrome Climatérico. Rev Fac Cien Med (Quito) [Internet]. 24 de junio de 2017 [citado 30 de abril de 2024];20(3-4):104-9. Disponible en: https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CIENCIAS_MEDICAS/article/view/832
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