Ayuno y ayuno modificado: aspectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos
Resumen
La obesidad viene convirtiéndose en uno de los grandes problemas de salud de las sociedades modernas. Se manifiesta particularmente en países industrializados como los EUA, donde del 10 al 40 0/0 de la población es afectada ( 5, 42, 66). En países subdesarrollados, a pesar de existir pocos datos epidemiológicos al respecto, se cree que la incidáncia es menor. Sin embargo, un estudio reciente en escolares brasileros (3), mostró una prevalencia global de obesidad del 16.7 0/0. Es importante notar que, *mientras en EUA la obesidad es más frecuente en estratos sociales pobres (44), en Brasil ocurre justamente lo contrario
Repetidos estudios demuestran que personas con peso 20 0/0 mayor que su peso ideal presentan tasas de mortalidad elevadas, principalmente por enfermedades cardiovàsculares (37, 42, 49). En pacientes con obesidad mórbida (100 0/0 sobre el peso ideal) la mortalidad llega a ser 12 veces mayor que en poblaciones de peso normal (18).
• Dr. Décio Laks Eizirik Dr. Patricio López J.
Las dietas tradicionales para obesidad, que mantienen una proporción entre carbohidratos (CH), proteinas y grasas, pero reducida cantidad total de calorías, no dan resultados satisfactorios en el manejo de la obesidad severa. Como ejemplo, apenas 5 0/0 de los pacientes tratados con este tipo de de dietas pierden 20 0 más kg y solamente 25 0/0 disminuyen 9 kg o más, posteriormente, mantienen esta pérdida (72). Entre las justificaciones que explican estos pobres resultados, se destacan basicamente la sensación de hambre de los pacientes y la lenta pérdida de peso (9), sin dejar de considerar, en algunos casos, alteraciones primarias en el metabolismo intermediario y macanismos de termogénesis (I I, 41, 48, 56).
Por estos motivos, en los últimos años se han estudiado dietas mas restrictivas y que no mantienen la habitual relación entre los diversos componentes alimenticios (CH, proteinas y grasas). Para la comprensión y elaboración de estos programas dietéti 218
cos, fue fundamental el conocimiento de los fenómenos fisiológicos y adaptativos que ocurren en el organismo humano durante períodos de ayuno.
En esta revisión trataremos de abordar algunos aspectos metabólicos y hormonales observados durante el ayunó, y a partir de ahí, estudiaremos los aspectos fisiológicos de una de las nuevas dietas propuestas: el ayuno modificado con ingesta proteíca
Descargas
Los datos de descargas todavía no están disponibles.
Métricas
Cargando métricas ...
Citas
1. ALLEYNE, G.A.O. and ROOBOL, Rena/ metabolic process and acid-base changes. MED. CLINIC. N. Amer., 59 (3): 781-795, 1975.
2. APFELBAUM, The effects ofveryrestrictive protein diets. CL/N. ENDOCRINOL. ME— TAB., 1976.
3. ARTEGA, H.P.,• SANTOS, I.E. and OLIVEIRA, J.E.D.: Obesity among school children of different socieconomic levels in a developing country. INT. J. OBESITY, in press.
4. AXELROD, L.; SLOWAN, S.D.; JONES, P.L. and MA R T/N, LB.: Persistence ofketosis despite supression of /ipo/ysis by 16, 76 Dimethy/prostag/andin E2 in experimental diabetic keto acidosis in rats. DIABETES, 28 (10): 905-913, 1979.
5. B/ERMAN, E.L.: "Obesity". In: Beeson, P.B.; McDermott, W. and Wyngaarden, J.B, (eds.). Cecil-Textbook of Medicine, 75a ed., Ph//ade/phia, W.B. Saunders Company, 1979, cap. 474, pp. 1692-1699.
6. B/STRA/N, B.R.; BLACKBURN, G.L.; FLATT, J.P.; SIZER, J.; SCRIMSHA W, N.S. and SHERMAN, M.: Nitrogen metabolism and insulin requeriments in obese diabetic adults on a protein-sparing modified fast. DIABETES, 25 (6); 494-504, 1976.
7. B/STRAIN, B.R.; BLACKBURN, G.L. and STANBUR Y, J.B.: Metabolic aspects of a protein-sparing modified fast the diary management of Prader-Wi//y obesity. N, ENGL. J. MED., 296 (14): 774779, 1977.
8. B/STRAW, B.R.: Clinical use of a protein-sparing modified fast. J.A.M.A., 240 1978.
9. B/STRAIN, B.R.: Recent developments in the treatment of obesity, with particular reference to semistarvation cetogenic regimens. DIABETES CARE, 7 (6):379-384, 7978.
10 B/S TRAIN, B.R.: Low calorie protein versus mixed diet. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (3): 757-758, 1980.
11 BOND Y, P.K.: Metabolic obesity? N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (18): 1057-1058, 1980.
12 BUCHANAN, K.D.: "Glucagon". In: Baja], J. (ed.). Insulin and metabolism. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medico, 1977, cap. 72, pp. 233-271.
13. CAHIL, G.F: Starvation in man. N.ENGL. J. MED., 282 (12): 668-675, 1970.
14. CAHIL, G.F. and AOICI, T.T.: Rena/ gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in man. MED. CLIN. N. AMER., 59 (3): 751-761, 1975.
15 CAHILL, G.F.: Starvation In man. CLIN. ENDOCRINOL. METAB., 5 (2): 397-475, 1976.
16. COIMBA, C.C.; GROSS, J.L. and M/GLIO— RINI, R.H.: Intraventricu/ar 2-deoxyg/ucose, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid mobilization. AM. J. PHYS/OL., 236 (4): 377-332, 7979.
17. De HA VEN, J.; SHERWIN, R.; HENDLER, R. and FELIG, P. : Nitrogen and sodiun balance and aympathetic nervous-system activity in obese subjects treated with a low-calorie protein or mixed diet. N. ENGL. J. MED., 302 (9): 477482, 1980.
18. DREN/CK, E.L GURUNANJAPPA, S.D.; SELTZER' F. and JOHNSON, D. G.: Excesive mortality and causes of death in morbid/y obese men. J.A .M.A 243 (5):443-445, 7980.
19. EXTON, J.H.: Gluconeogenesis. METABO— LISM, F. and JOHNSON, D. G.: Excessive mortality and causes of death in morbidly obese men. J.A.M.A., 243 (5):433-445, 1980.
20. EXTON, J.H.,• Hormonal control of gluconeogenesis. Midwest Conference of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12th, University of Mis 226 souri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. •ADV. EXP. MED. Bio., 711: 125-167, 1979.
21. FAIN, J.N. and SHEPERD, R.E.: Hormonal regulation of lipo/ysis: role of cyclic nucleotides, adenosine and free fathy acids. Midwets Conferehce of Endocrinology and Metabo[ism, 12th, University pf Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. A VD. EXP. MED. mo., 117:43-77, 1979.
22. FELIG' OWEN. O.E.; WAHREN. J. and CAHILL, G.F.: Amino acid metabolism during prolonged starvation. J. CLIN. INVEST., 48 (3): 584594, 1969.
23. FEL/G, POZEFSKY, T.: MARL/SS, E. and CAHIL, G.F.: Alan/ne: key role In gluconeogenesis. SCIENCE, 167 (3920): 1003-1004, 1970.
24. FEL/G, p. : Four questions about protein diets. N. ENGL. J. MED., 298 (78): 1025-1026, 1978.
25. FELIG, P .. • "Starvation". ln. De Groot, L.I. (ed.). ENDOCRINOLOGY, New York, Grune e Stratton, 1979, cap. 147, pp. 1927-1940.
26. FOSS, M.C.: Metabo/ismo de carbohidratos e /ip/dos e dieta hiperprotéica (Livre de carbohidratos). TESE DE DOUTORAMENTO, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USO, 1978.
27. FRIEDMAN, N.; EXTON, J.M. and PARK, IR.: Interaction of adrenal steroids and glucagon on g/uconeogenesis in perfused rat liver. BIOCHEM. BIOPHYS. RES. COMMUN., 29 113-120, 1967.
28. GARDNER, D.F.; KAPLAN, M.K.,• STANLEV, C.A. and UT/GER, R.D.: Effect of Tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation. N, ENGL. J. MED., 300 (17):579-584, 7979.
29. GARDNER, D.F.; KAPLAN, M.K.; STAN—LEV, C.A. and UT/GER, R.D.: T3 metabo/ism in starvation. N.ENGL. J. MED., 302 (3). 763-764, 1979.
30. GARRISON, J.C. and BORLAND, M.K.: Regulation of mitochondria/ pyruvato-carboxi/ation and g/uconeogenesis in rat hapatocytes via an -adrenergic, AMPc independent mechanism. J. BIOL. CHEM., 254 (4): 1129-1133, 1979.
31. GOODNER, C.I.; KOERKER, D.J.,• WERBACH, J.M.; TO/VOLA, P. and GALE, C.C.: Adrenergic regulation of /ipo/ysis and insulin secretion in the fasted baboon. AM. J. PH Y— sm., 224 534539, 1973.
32. GOORNO, w.E.,• RECTOR, F.c. and SELDIN, D. W.: Relation of renal g/uconeogenesis to ammonia production in the dog and rat.
33. AMER. J.PHYS/OL., 1967.
34. GREENBERG, G.R.; MARL/SS, E.B.; AN— DERSON, G.B.;
35. LANGER, B.;SPENCE, W.; TOVEE, B.E. and JEEJEEB/TOY, K.N..• Protein-sparing therapy in post-operative patients. N. ENGL. J. MED., 294 (26): 1411-1476, 1976.
36. GROSS' J.L. and M/GL/OR/N/, R.N.: Further evodence for a central regulation of free fathy acid mobilization in the rat. AM.]. PHYS/OL., 232 (2): E-165-771, 1977.
HALES, c.N.; LUZ/O, J.P. and SIDDLE, K,: Hormonal control of adipose-tissue /ipo/ys/s. BIOCHEM. SOC. SYMP., 43:97-135, 1978. HA VEL, RJ.: Caloric homeostasis and disorders of fuel transport. N. ENGL. J. MED., 287 (23):1786-1192, 1972.
37. ITA LL/E, T.B. Obesity: adverse effects on health and longetivity. AM. J. CLIN. NUTR., 32 (12):2223-2733 (supp]), 1979.
38. ISNER, J.M.; SOURS, H.E.; PARIS. A.L.; FERRANS, V.I. and ROBERTS, W.C.: sudden, unexpected death in avid dieters using the liquid-protein-modified-fast diet: observations in 17 patients and the role of the prolonged QT interval. CIRCULATION, 60 (6): 7401-1412, 1979.
39. JEFFERSON, L.s.; L/, J.B. and RANNELS, S.R.: Regulation by insulin of amino acid release and protein turnover in the perfused rat hemicorpus. J.BIOL. CHEM., 252 (4): 1476-1483, 7977.
40. JEFFERSON, L.S.: Role of Insulin in the regu/ation of protein synthesis. DIABETES, 29: 487-496, 7980.
41. JUNG, PS.;JAMES, W.P. T.; BARRAND, M.A. and CALI-INGHAM, B.A.: Reduced thermogenesis in obesity. NA TURE, 279 (5711):322-333, 1979.
42. KANNEL, W.B. and GORDON, T.: Obesity and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham study. CLIN. ENDOCRINOL. METAB., 5 (2): 367-375, 1976.
43. KEITELHUT, l.c.; FOSS, M.c. and Ml— GLIORIN/, R.H.: Glucose homeostasis in a carnivorous anima/ (cat) and in rats fed a highprotein diet. AM. J. PHYSIOL., 239 (8): R437444, 1980.
44. KOHARS, M.B.; LEE WANG, L.; EKLUND, D.; PAULSEN, B. and 0' NEAL, R.: The association of obesity with socioeconomic factors in Missouri. AM. J. CLIN. NUTR., 32 1979.
45. LANTIGUA, R.A.; DDLE, T.L.; FORBES, G.B. and TOCWOOD, D.H.: Cardiac arrhytmias associated with a liquid protein diet for the treatment of obesity. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (13): 735-738, 1980.
46. LILJENQUIST, I.E.; KELLER, CHIAS— SON, J.L. and CHERR/GTON, A.D.: "Insulin and Glucagon Actions and Consequences of Derangement In Secretion". In: De Groot, L.I. (ed.). ENDOCRINOLOGY, New York, Grune e Stratton, 1979, cap. 79, pp. 981-996.
47. LINN, R. and STUART, S.L.: The /astchance diet book. Secancus, New Jersey, Lyle Stuart, 1976. LUISE, M.D.; BLACKBURN, G.L. and FLIER, J.S.: Reduced activity of the red-ce// sodium-potassium pump in human obesity. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (18): 7017-1022, 1980. MARKS, H.N.: Body weight: facts from life insurance records. HUMAN BIOLOGY, 28 (2):217-231, 1956. MASORO, E.I.: "Factors Influencing Intermediary Metabolism". In: Ruch, T.C. & Patton, H.D. (eds.). Physiology and Biophysics Digestion, Metabolism, Endocrine Function and Reproduction, 12a ed., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company, 1973, cap. 6, pp. 736-762.
51. McGARRY, J.D. and FOSTER, D.w: Hormona/ contro/ of ketogenesis. Midwest Conference of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12th, University of Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. ADV. EXP. MED. BIO/. , 117: 79-96, 1979.
52. MICHIEL, R.R.; SNE/DER, J-s.,• D/ZKS— TEIN, R.A.; HA YMAN, H. and E/CH, R.H.: Sudden death in a patient on a liquid protein diet. N.ENGL. J. MED., 298 (18): 1005-1007, 1978. 53. NEWSHOLME, E.A. and START, C.: Regulation in Metabolism, London, WileyInterscience Publications, 1973, cap. 5, pp. 195-246.
54. NEWSHOLME, EA. and START, C.: Regu/ation in Metabolism, London, Wiley-interscience Publications, 1973, cap. 6, pp. 247-291.
55. NEWSHOLME, EA. and START, C.: Regulation in Metabolism, London, Wl/ey-/nters 228 cience Publications, 1973, cap. 7, pp. 239315.
56. NEWSHOLME, E.A..• possib/e metabol/c basis for the contro/ ofbody welght. N. ENGL. J. MED., 302 (7):400-405, 1980.57. NOALL, M.W.; RIGSS, T.R.; WALKER, L. M. and CHRISTENSEN, H./V.: Endocrine contro/ of am/no acid transfer. SCIENCE, 126 (3281): 1002-1005, 1957.
58. O'BRIAN, J.T.; BYBEE, D.E.; BURMAN, K.D.; OSBURNE, R.c.; KSIAZEK, M.R.; WARTOFSKY, L. and GEORGES, L.P.. Thyroid hormone homeostosls In states or relative caloric deprlvation. METABOL/SM, 29 (8): 721-727, 1980.
59. OWEN, o.E.; MORGAN, A.P.; KEMP, H.G.; SULLIVAN, J./M.; HERRERA. M. G. and CAHILL, G.F.: Brain metabol/sm during fasting. J. CL/N. INVEST„ 46 (10): 7589-7595, 1967.
60. OWEN, o.E.; FELG, 0,; MORGAN. A.P.; WAHREN, J. and CAHILL, G.F.: Liver and kidney metabol/sm during prolonged starvation. J.CLIN.INVEST., 48 (3): 574583, 1969.
61. OWEN, O.E. and REICHARD, G.: Human forearm metabolism during progressive starvation. J. CL/N. INVEST., 50 (7): 15361545, 1971.
62. OWEn, o.E.; REICHARD, GA.; PATEL, M.S. and BODEN, G.: Energy metabolism in deasting and fasting. Midwest Conference of Endocrino/ogy and Metabol/sm, 12th, University of Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabol/sm. AD V. EXP. MED. BIOL„ 111: 169-188, 1979.
63.' PH/NNEY, S.D.: Low-calorje versus mixed diet. N.ENGL. J. MED., 303 (3): 758-159, 1980. 64. PHINNEY, S.o.; HORTON, ES.;SIMS, EA.
H.; HANSON, J.s.; DANFORTH, E., Jrand LA GRANGE, B.M.: Capacity for moderate exercise In obese subjects after adaptat/on to a hypoca/oric, ketogenic diet. J. CL/N. IN— VEST., 66 1152-1761, 1980.
65. RASK/IV, P. and UNGER, R./V.: Glucagon and diabetes MED. CL/N. N. AMER., 62 (4): 713-722, 1978.
66.SA LANS, L.B.: "Obesity and the Ad/pose Ce//". In: Boundy, P.K. 7 Rosenberg, L.E. (eds.). Metabolic control and diseade, 8a ed., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company, 1980, cap. 8, pp. 495-527. 07. SCRIBA, G.c.; HORN, K. and PICKARDT, R.C.: Effects ofobesity total fast/ng and real/mentation on L—Triroxine (T4), 3, 5, 3 —L— Triiodothyronine (T3), 3, 3 ; 5 CL—Trilodothyronine (t3), 3, 3', 5 —L— Triiodothyronine (RT3), Thyroxine bind/ng globu/in (TBG), cortiso/, Thyrotrophin, cortiso/ binding globulin, transferrin, -haptoglobien and comp/ement C3 in serum. ACTA ENDOCR., 91 1979.
68. SHERW/N, R.s.; HENDLER, R.G. and FG— LIG' P.: Effect of ketone Infusions on am/no acid and nitrogen metabolism in man. J. CL/N. INVEST., 55 (6): 1382-1390, 1975.
69. SHERW/N, R.s.; HENDLER, R.G.; DE HA—
71. VEN, J. and FEI-ING, P.: Lowca/orle prote/n versus mixed diets. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (3): 759, 1980. SIGI-ER, M.H.: The mechanlsm of the natriuresis of fastlng. J. CL/N. INVEST., 55 (2): 377-387, 7975.
SIMS, E.A.H.: 'Syndromes of Obesity". In: De Groot, (u.). ENDOCRWOLOGY. New York, Grune e Stratton, 1979, cap. 148, pp. 1947-1962.
72. STUNKARD, and HUME, M.M.: The results of treatment for obesity. A revlew of Il
terature and report-of a series. ARCH. INT. MED., 103 (7): 79-85,4959.
73. STUNKARD, AJ.,• CRAIGHEAD, L.w. and O "BRIAN, R.: Controlled trial of behaviour therapy, pharmacotherapy, and their combination in the treatment of obesity. LANCET, 8203 (2):1045-1047, 7980.
74. UNGER, R.H.: Glucagon and the insulin: glucagon ratio in diabetes and other catabolic illness. DIABETES, 20 (72): 834838, 7977.
75. UNGER, R. H. L.: Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion In the regulotion of metabolism. ANN. REV. PHYS/OL., 40:307-343, 1978.
76. V/SSER, T. Serum thyroid hormone concentration during prolongend reduction of dietary intake. METABOLISM, 27 405-477, 1978.
77. WEIR, G.c.; KNOWLTON, S.D.; ATKINS, R.F.,• McKENNAN, K.x. and MARTIN, DB.. Glucagon secretion from the perfused pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rats. D/A— BETES, 25 (4):275-282, 1976.
78. WEISSEL, M.; STUMMVOLL, H.K. and KOLBE, H.: T3 metabolism In starvation. N. ENGL.]. MED., 307 (3): 763, '7979.
79. WINHURST,J.M. and MANCHESTER, K.L.: A comparision of the effects of diabetes induced with either A//oxan or Streptozotoc/n and of starvation on the activities in rat //229 ver of the key enzymes of g/uconeogenesis. BIOCHEM.J., 120:95-703, 1970.
90. WINTERER, J.; B/STRA/N, B.R.; B/LMA— ZES, C.; BLACKBURN, G.L. and YOUNG, U.R.: Whole body protein turnover, studied with 75N-gIycine, and muscle protein breakdown in mi/d/y obese subjects during a protein-sparing diet and a brief total fast. ME— TABOLISM, 29 1980.
81. WOODS/PE, W.F.: Influence of Insulin and glucagon on ketogenesis by Isolated rat hepatocytes. Midwest Conference of Endocrithno/ogy and Metabolism, 12 , University of Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. ADV. EXP. MED. BIOL., 117:97-702, 1979.
82. YEPEZ, R.F.: Metabo/ismos. Cap. 5. Metabolismo de los Carbohidratos, pp. 708-117. Quito, 1980.
2. APFELBAUM, The effects ofveryrestrictive protein diets. CL/N. ENDOCRINOL. ME— TAB., 1976.
3. ARTEGA, H.P.,• SANTOS, I.E. and OLIVEIRA, J.E.D.: Obesity among school children of different socieconomic levels in a developing country. INT. J. OBESITY, in press.
4. AXELROD, L.; SLOWAN, S.D.; JONES, P.L. and MA R T/N, LB.: Persistence ofketosis despite supression of /ipo/ysis by 16, 76 Dimethy/prostag/andin E2 in experimental diabetic keto acidosis in rats. DIABETES, 28 (10): 905-913, 1979.
5. B/ERMAN, E.L.: "Obesity". In: Beeson, P.B.; McDermott, W. and Wyngaarden, J.B, (eds.). Cecil-Textbook of Medicine, 75a ed., Ph//ade/phia, W.B. Saunders Company, 1979, cap. 474, pp. 1692-1699.
6. B/STRA/N, B.R.; BLACKBURN, G.L.; FLATT, J.P.; SIZER, J.; SCRIMSHA W, N.S. and SHERMAN, M.: Nitrogen metabolism and insulin requeriments in obese diabetic adults on a protein-sparing modified fast. DIABETES, 25 (6); 494-504, 1976.
7. B/STRAIN, B.R.; BLACKBURN, G.L. and STANBUR Y, J.B.: Metabolic aspects of a protein-sparing modified fast the diary management of Prader-Wi//y obesity. N, ENGL. J. MED., 296 (14): 774779, 1977.
8. B/STRAW, B.R.: Clinical use of a protein-sparing modified fast. J.A.M.A., 240 1978.
9. B/STRAIN, B.R.: Recent developments in the treatment of obesity, with particular reference to semistarvation cetogenic regimens. DIABETES CARE, 7 (6):379-384, 7978.
10 B/S TRAIN, B.R.: Low calorie protein versus mixed diet. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (3): 757-758, 1980.
11 BOND Y, P.K.: Metabolic obesity? N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (18): 1057-1058, 1980.
12 BUCHANAN, K.D.: "Glucagon". In: Baja], J. (ed.). Insulin and metabolism. Amsterdam, Excerpta Medico, 1977, cap. 72, pp. 233-271.
13. CAHIL, G.F: Starvation in man. N.ENGL. J. MED., 282 (12): 668-675, 1970.
14. CAHIL, G.F. and AOICI, T.T.: Rena/ gluconeogenesis and amino acid metabolism in man. MED. CLIN. N. AMER., 59 (3): 751-761, 1975.
15 CAHILL, G.F.: Starvation In man. CLIN. ENDOCRINOL. METAB., 5 (2): 397-475, 1976.
16. COIMBA, C.C.; GROSS, J.L. and M/GLIO— RINI, R.H.: Intraventricu/ar 2-deoxyg/ucose, glucose, insulin, and free fatty acid mobilization. AM. J. PHYS/OL., 236 (4): 377-332, 7979.
17. De HA VEN, J.; SHERWIN, R.; HENDLER, R. and FELIG, P. : Nitrogen and sodiun balance and aympathetic nervous-system activity in obese subjects treated with a low-calorie protein or mixed diet. N. ENGL. J. MED., 302 (9): 477482, 1980.
18. DREN/CK, E.L GURUNANJAPPA, S.D.; SELTZER' F. and JOHNSON, D. G.: Excesive mortality and causes of death in morbid/y obese men. J.A .M.A 243 (5):443-445, 7980.
19. EXTON, J.H.: Gluconeogenesis. METABO— LISM, F. and JOHNSON, D. G.: Excessive mortality and causes of death in morbidly obese men. J.A.M.A., 243 (5):433-445, 1980.
20. EXTON, J.H.,• Hormonal control of gluconeogenesis. Midwest Conference of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12th, University of Mis 226 souri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. •ADV. EXP. MED. Bio., 711: 125-167, 1979.
21. FAIN, J.N. and SHEPERD, R.E.: Hormonal regulation of lipo/ysis: role of cyclic nucleotides, adenosine and free fathy acids. Midwets Conferehce of Endocrinology and Metabo[ism, 12th, University pf Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. A VD. EXP. MED. mo., 117:43-77, 1979.
22. FELIG' OWEN. O.E.; WAHREN. J. and CAHILL, G.F.: Amino acid metabolism during prolonged starvation. J. CLIN. INVEST., 48 (3): 584594, 1969.
23. FEL/G, POZEFSKY, T.: MARL/SS, E. and CAHIL, G.F.: Alan/ne: key role In gluconeogenesis. SCIENCE, 167 (3920): 1003-1004, 1970.
24. FEL/G, p. : Four questions about protein diets. N. ENGL. J. MED., 298 (78): 1025-1026, 1978.
25. FELIG, P .. • "Starvation". ln. De Groot, L.I. (ed.). ENDOCRINOLOGY, New York, Grune e Stratton, 1979, cap. 147, pp. 1927-1940.
26. FOSS, M.C.: Metabo/ismo de carbohidratos e /ip/dos e dieta hiperprotéica (Livre de carbohidratos). TESE DE DOUTORAMENTO, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto, USO, 1978.
27. FRIEDMAN, N.; EXTON, J.M. and PARK, IR.: Interaction of adrenal steroids and glucagon on g/uconeogenesis in perfused rat liver. BIOCHEM. BIOPHYS. RES. COMMUN., 29 113-120, 1967.
28. GARDNER, D.F.; KAPLAN, M.K.,• STANLEV, C.A. and UT/GER, R.D.: Effect of Tri-iodothyronine replacement on the metabolic and pituitary responses to starvation. N, ENGL. J. MED., 300 (17):579-584, 7979.
29. GARDNER, D.F.; KAPLAN, M.K.; STAN—LEV, C.A. and UT/GER, R.D.: T3 metabo/ism in starvation. N.ENGL. J. MED., 302 (3). 763-764, 1979.
30. GARRISON, J.C. and BORLAND, M.K.: Regulation of mitochondria/ pyruvato-carboxi/ation and g/uconeogenesis in rat hapatocytes via an -adrenergic, AMPc independent mechanism. J. BIOL. CHEM., 254 (4): 1129-1133, 1979.
31. GOODNER, C.I.; KOERKER, D.J.,• WERBACH, J.M.; TO/VOLA, P. and GALE, C.C.: Adrenergic regulation of /ipo/ysis and insulin secretion in the fasted baboon. AM. J. PH Y— sm., 224 534539, 1973.
32. GOORNO, w.E.,• RECTOR, F.c. and SELDIN, D. W.: Relation of renal g/uconeogenesis to ammonia production in the dog and rat.
33. AMER. J.PHYS/OL., 1967.
34. GREENBERG, G.R.; MARL/SS, E.B.; AN— DERSON, G.B.;
35. LANGER, B.;SPENCE, W.; TOVEE, B.E. and JEEJEEB/TOY, K.N..• Protein-sparing therapy in post-operative patients. N. ENGL. J. MED., 294 (26): 1411-1476, 1976.
36. GROSS' J.L. and M/GL/OR/N/, R.N.: Further evodence for a central regulation of free fathy acid mobilization in the rat. AM.]. PHYS/OL., 232 (2): E-165-771, 1977.
HALES, c.N.; LUZ/O, J.P. and SIDDLE, K,: Hormonal control of adipose-tissue /ipo/ys/s. BIOCHEM. SOC. SYMP., 43:97-135, 1978. HA VEL, RJ.: Caloric homeostasis and disorders of fuel transport. N. ENGL. J. MED., 287 (23):1786-1192, 1972.
37. ITA LL/E, T.B. Obesity: adverse effects on health and longetivity. AM. J. CLIN. NUTR., 32 (12):2223-2733 (supp]), 1979.
38. ISNER, J.M.; SOURS, H.E.; PARIS. A.L.; FERRANS, V.I. and ROBERTS, W.C.: sudden, unexpected death in avid dieters using the liquid-protein-modified-fast diet: observations in 17 patients and the role of the prolonged QT interval. CIRCULATION, 60 (6): 7401-1412, 1979.
39. JEFFERSON, L.s.; L/, J.B. and RANNELS, S.R.: Regulation by insulin of amino acid release and protein turnover in the perfused rat hemicorpus. J.BIOL. CHEM., 252 (4): 1476-1483, 7977.
40. JEFFERSON, L.S.: Role of Insulin in the regu/ation of protein synthesis. DIABETES, 29: 487-496, 7980.
41. JUNG, PS.;JAMES, W.P. T.; BARRAND, M.A. and CALI-INGHAM, B.A.: Reduced thermogenesis in obesity. NA TURE, 279 (5711):322-333, 1979.
42. KANNEL, W.B. and GORDON, T.: Obesity and cardiovascular disease: The Framingham study. CLIN. ENDOCRINOL. METAB., 5 (2): 367-375, 1976.
43. KEITELHUT, l.c.; FOSS, M.c. and Ml— GLIORIN/, R.H.: Glucose homeostasis in a carnivorous anima/ (cat) and in rats fed a highprotein diet. AM. J. PHYSIOL., 239 (8): R437444, 1980.
44. KOHARS, M.B.; LEE WANG, L.; EKLUND, D.; PAULSEN, B. and 0' NEAL, R.: The association of obesity with socioeconomic factors in Missouri. AM. J. CLIN. NUTR., 32 1979.
45. LANTIGUA, R.A.; DDLE, T.L.; FORBES, G.B. and TOCWOOD, D.H.: Cardiac arrhytmias associated with a liquid protein diet for the treatment of obesity. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (13): 735-738, 1980.
46. LILJENQUIST, I.E.; KELLER, CHIAS— SON, J.L. and CHERR/GTON, A.D.: "Insulin and Glucagon Actions and Consequences of Derangement In Secretion". In: De Groot, L.I. (ed.). ENDOCRINOLOGY, New York, Grune e Stratton, 1979, cap. 79, pp. 981-996.
47. LINN, R. and STUART, S.L.: The /astchance diet book. Secancus, New Jersey, Lyle Stuart, 1976. LUISE, M.D.; BLACKBURN, G.L. and FLIER, J.S.: Reduced activity of the red-ce// sodium-potassium pump in human obesity. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (18): 7017-1022, 1980. MARKS, H.N.: Body weight: facts from life insurance records. HUMAN BIOLOGY, 28 (2):217-231, 1956. MASORO, E.I.: "Factors Influencing Intermediary Metabolism". In: Ruch, T.C. & Patton, H.D. (eds.). Physiology and Biophysics Digestion, Metabolism, Endocrine Function and Reproduction, 12a ed., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company, 1973, cap. 6, pp. 736-762.
51. McGARRY, J.D. and FOSTER, D.w: Hormona/ contro/ of ketogenesis. Midwest Conference of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 12th, University of Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. ADV. EXP. MED. BIO/. , 117: 79-96, 1979.
52. MICHIEL, R.R.; SNE/DER, J-s.,• D/ZKS— TEIN, R.A.; HA YMAN, H. and E/CH, R.H.: Sudden death in a patient on a liquid protein diet. N.ENGL. J. MED., 298 (18): 1005-1007, 1978. 53. NEWSHOLME, E.A. and START, C.: Regulation in Metabolism, London, WileyInterscience Publications, 1973, cap. 5, pp. 195-246.
54. NEWSHOLME, EA. and START, C.: Regu/ation in Metabolism, London, Wiley-interscience Publications, 1973, cap. 6, pp. 247-291.
55. NEWSHOLME, EA. and START, C.: Regulation in Metabolism, London, Wl/ey-/nters 228 cience Publications, 1973, cap. 7, pp. 239315.
56. NEWSHOLME, E.A..• possib/e metabol/c basis for the contro/ ofbody welght. N. ENGL. J. MED., 302 (7):400-405, 1980.57. NOALL, M.W.; RIGSS, T.R.; WALKER, L. M. and CHRISTENSEN, H./V.: Endocrine contro/ of am/no acid transfer. SCIENCE, 126 (3281): 1002-1005, 1957.
58. O'BRIAN, J.T.; BYBEE, D.E.; BURMAN, K.D.; OSBURNE, R.c.; KSIAZEK, M.R.; WARTOFSKY, L. and GEORGES, L.P.. Thyroid hormone homeostosls In states or relative caloric deprlvation. METABOL/SM, 29 (8): 721-727, 1980.
59. OWEN, o.E.; MORGAN, A.P.; KEMP, H.G.; SULLIVAN, J./M.; HERRERA. M. G. and CAHILL, G.F.: Brain metabol/sm during fasting. J. CL/N. INVEST„ 46 (10): 7589-7595, 1967.
60. OWEN, o.E.; FELG, 0,; MORGAN. A.P.; WAHREN, J. and CAHILL, G.F.: Liver and kidney metabol/sm during prolonged starvation. J.CLIN.INVEST., 48 (3): 574583, 1969.
61. OWEN, O.E. and REICHARD, G.: Human forearm metabolism during progressive starvation. J. CL/N. INVEST., 50 (7): 15361545, 1971.
62. OWEn, o.E.; REICHARD, GA.; PATEL, M.S. and BODEN, G.: Energy metabolism in deasting and fasting. Midwest Conference of Endocrino/ogy and Metabol/sm, 12th, University of Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabol/sm. AD V. EXP. MED. BIOL„ 111: 169-188, 1979.
63.' PH/NNEY, S.D.: Low-calorje versus mixed diet. N.ENGL. J. MED., 303 (3): 758-159, 1980. 64. PHINNEY, S.o.; HORTON, ES.;SIMS, EA.
H.; HANSON, J.s.; DANFORTH, E., Jrand LA GRANGE, B.M.: Capacity for moderate exercise In obese subjects after adaptat/on to a hypoca/oric, ketogenic diet. J. CL/N. IN— VEST., 66 1152-1761, 1980.
65. RASK/IV, P. and UNGER, R./V.: Glucagon and diabetes MED. CL/N. N. AMER., 62 (4): 713-722, 1978.
66.SA LANS, L.B.: "Obesity and the Ad/pose Ce//". In: Boundy, P.K. 7 Rosenberg, L.E. (eds.). Metabolic control and diseade, 8a ed., Philadelphia, W.B. Saunders Company, 1980, cap. 8, pp. 495-527. 07. SCRIBA, G.c.; HORN, K. and PICKARDT, R.C.: Effects ofobesity total fast/ng and real/mentation on L—Triroxine (T4), 3, 5, 3 —L— Triiodothyronine (T3), 3, 3 ; 5 CL—Trilodothyronine (t3), 3, 3', 5 —L— Triiodothyronine (RT3), Thyroxine bind/ng globu/in (TBG), cortiso/, Thyrotrophin, cortiso/ binding globulin, transferrin, -haptoglobien and comp/ement C3 in serum. ACTA ENDOCR., 91 1979.
68. SHERW/N, R.s.; HENDLER, R.G. and FG— LIG' P.: Effect of ketone Infusions on am/no acid and nitrogen metabolism in man. J. CL/N. INVEST., 55 (6): 1382-1390, 1975.
69. SHERW/N, R.s.; HENDLER, R.G.; DE HA—
71. VEN, J. and FEI-ING, P.: Lowca/orle prote/n versus mixed diets. N. ENGL. J. MED., 303 (3): 759, 1980. SIGI-ER, M.H.: The mechanlsm of the natriuresis of fastlng. J. CL/N. INVEST., 55 (2): 377-387, 7975.
SIMS, E.A.H.: 'Syndromes of Obesity". In: De Groot, (u.). ENDOCRWOLOGY. New York, Grune e Stratton, 1979, cap. 148, pp. 1947-1962.
72. STUNKARD, and HUME, M.M.: The results of treatment for obesity. A revlew of Il
terature and report-of a series. ARCH. INT. MED., 103 (7): 79-85,4959.
73. STUNKARD, AJ.,• CRAIGHEAD, L.w. and O "BRIAN, R.: Controlled trial of behaviour therapy, pharmacotherapy, and their combination in the treatment of obesity. LANCET, 8203 (2):1045-1047, 7980.
74. UNGER, R.H.: Glucagon and the insulin: glucagon ratio in diabetes and other catabolic illness. DIABETES, 20 (72): 834838, 7977.
75. UNGER, R. H. L.: Insulin, glucagon and somatostatin secretion In the regulotion of metabolism. ANN. REV. PHYS/OL., 40:307-343, 1978.
76. V/SSER, T. Serum thyroid hormone concentration during prolongend reduction of dietary intake. METABOLISM, 27 405-477, 1978.
77. WEIR, G.c.; KNOWLTON, S.D.; ATKINS, R.F.,• McKENNAN, K.x. and MARTIN, DB.. Glucagon secretion from the perfused pancreas of streptozotocin-treated rats. D/A— BETES, 25 (4):275-282, 1976.
78. WEISSEL, M.; STUMMVOLL, H.K. and KOLBE, H.: T3 metabolism In starvation. N. ENGL.]. MED., 307 (3): 763, '7979.
79. WINHURST,J.M. and MANCHESTER, K.L.: A comparision of the effects of diabetes induced with either A//oxan or Streptozotoc/n and of starvation on the activities in rat //229 ver of the key enzymes of g/uconeogenesis. BIOCHEM.J., 120:95-703, 1970.
90. WINTERER, J.; B/STRA/N, B.R.; B/LMA— ZES, C.; BLACKBURN, G.L. and YOUNG, U.R.: Whole body protein turnover, studied with 75N-gIycine, and muscle protein breakdown in mi/d/y obese subjects during a protein-sparing diet and a brief total fast. ME— TABOLISM, 29 1980.
81. WOODS/PE, W.F.: Influence of Insulin and glucagon on ketogenesis by Isolated rat hepatocytes. Midwest Conference of Endocrithno/ogy and Metabolism, 12 , University of Missouri-Hormones and Energy Metabolism. ADV. EXP. MED. BIOL., 117:97-702, 1979.
82. YEPEZ, R.F.: Metabo/ismos. Cap. 5. Metabolismo de los Carbohidratos, pp. 708-117. Quito, 1980.
Descargas
Publicado
2017-06-26
Cómo citar
1.
Laks D, López P. Ayuno y ayuno modificado: aspectos fisiológicos y bioquímicos. Rev Fac Cien Med (Quito) [Internet]. 26 de junio de 2017 [citado 19 de diciembre de 2024];6(3-4):217-29. Disponible en: https://revistadigital.uce.edu.ec/index.php/CIENCIAS_MEDICAS/article/view/475
Número
Sección
ARTÍCULOS ORIGINALES
