Diagnostic and assessment risk integral of maloclusion (DARIOM)

Abstract

Malocclusion is one of the most common oral health problems worldwide, ranking third in prevalence after dental caries and periodontal disease according to the World Health Organization. In Latin America, over 80% of children present some degree of malocclusion, highlighting a public health concern. This condition has a multifactorial origin, involving biological, functional, environmental, and behavioral factors. Early detection in primary dentition allows timely preventive and corrective interventions, reducing the risk of complications in permanent dentition and promoting harmonious orofacial development.

Objective: To describe the relationship between malocclusion and several factors considered activity indicators in primary dentition. Materials and Methods: A quantitative, descriptive, and correlational study was conducted on 315 children aged 36 to 71 months, selected from a population of 1719. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. Data collection included questionnaires, clinical examinations, photographs, lateral cephalograms, and study models. Statistical analysis involved descriptive measures, Pearson correlation, and intra/inter-examiner reliability with kappa coefficient. Results: 68% of children presented high risk of malocclusion, 19% medium risk, and 13% low risk. Premature loss of primary teeth showed a significant correlation with functional problems (r=0.45). Associations were also found between harmful oral habits and trauma (r=0.36), as well as between structural alterations and functional problems (r=0.35). Facial parameters showed weak to moderate correlations. Conclusion: Malocclusion in primary dentition is highly prevalent and multifactorial. The most influential factors were premature tooth loss, oral habits, and functional problems. Preventive programs and tools such as the Baby ROMA Index are essential for early detection.