Recomendaciones para prevención y control de infecciones por SARS-CoV-2 en odontología
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29166/odontologia.vol22.n2.2020-5-32Palabras clave:
Betacoronavirus, infecciones por coronavirus, prevención primaria, personal de odontología, epidemiologíaResumen
Según la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), la nueva pandemia de neumonía por coronavirus COVID-19 o SARS-CoV-2, en un corto período de tiempo, se ha extendido a todas las regiones del mundo donde el número de casos confirmados y muertes sigue aumentando. Junto con el coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio Agudo Severo (SARS) y el coronavirus del Síndrome Respiratorio del Medio Oriente (MERS), este es el tercer coronavirus humano altamente patógeno que ha surgido en las últimas dos décadas. Frente a esta emergencia de Salud Pública, se ha intentado controlar la propagación global, sin embargo, en la gran mayoría de países se ha visto desbordada la capacidad de sus sistemas de salud. Se ha observado que medidas adecuadas pueden reducir el riesgo de infección y prevenir efectivamente la propagación de la epidemia. En odontología, debido a la naturaleza especial de sus procedimientos, el riesgo de infección cruzada es alto y las medidas estrictas de prevención y control son importantes, particularmente por la posible atención a pacientes asintomáticos capaces de transmitir el virus. Ante la urgente necesidad de establecer protocolos de control de infecciones estrictos y efectivos, se realizó una revisión de la evidencia científica para analizar las características epidemiológicas e infecciosas de SARS-CoV-2 y recomendar medidas de prevención y control en relación a los profesionales y estudiantes de la odontología a fin de bloquear las rutas de transmisión de persona a persona en clínicas y hospitales dentales.
Descargas
Citas
Phelan AL, Katz R, Gostin LO. The Novel Coronavirus Originating in Wuhan, China Challenges for Global Health Governance. JAMA. 2020 Jan; 323(8): p. 709-710. DOI: 10.1001/jama.2020.1097. Available from: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2760500
Yu ITS, Li, Wong TW, Tam W, Chan AT, Lee J, et al. Evidence of Airborne Transmission of the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Virus. N Engl J Med. 2004 April 22; 350(1): p. 1731-1739. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa032867. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15102999
WHO. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Summary of Current Situation, Literature Update and Risk Assessment. Ginebra, Suiza: World Health Organization; 2015. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/179184
Eggers M, Eickmann M, Zorn. Rapid and Effective Virucidal Activity of Povidone-Iodine Products Against Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA). Infect Dis Ther. 2015 Dec; 4(4): p. 491–501. DOI: 10.1007/s40121-015-0091-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26416214
Spagnuolo, De Vito, Rengo S, Tatullo M. COVID-19 Outbreak: An Overview on Dentistry. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health. 2020 Mar; 17(6): p. 1-3. DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17062094. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32235685
MSP. Situación Nacional por COVID-19: Actualización de casos. Informe No. 022. Quito: Ministerio de Salud Pública, COE Nacional; 2020 Marzo 28. Available from: https://www.gestionderiesgos.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Informe-de-Situaci%C3%B3n-No022-Casos-Coronavirus-Ecuador-28032020.pdf
WHO. Clinical management of severe acute respiratory infection when COVID-19 is suspected. Ginebra, Suiza; 2020a. Available from: https://www.who.int/publications-detail/clinical-management-of-severe-acute-respiratory-infection-when-novel-coronavirus-(ncov)-infection-is-suspected
Gamio L. The Workers Who Face the Greatest Coronavirus Risk. The New York Times. 2020 Marzo 15. Available from: https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/15/business/economy/coronavirus-worker-risk.html
Meng L, Hua F, Bian Z. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and future challenges for dental and oral medicines. Journal of dental Research. 2020; p. 1-7. DOI: 10.1177/0022034520914246. Available from: https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/0022034520914246
Li RWK, Leung KWC, Sun FCS, Samaranayake LP. Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and the GDP. Part II: Implications for GDPs. British Dental Journal. 2004 Aug; 197(3): p. 130–134. DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4811522. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7091810/
Sapp P, Eversole L, Wysocki G. Patología Oral y maxilofacial contemporanea. 2nd ed. Madrid: Elsevier; 2005. Available from: https://inspectioncopy.elsevier.com/6/es/book/details/9788481747898
Peng, Xu, Li, Cheng, Zhou, Ren B. Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. International Journal of Oral Science. 2020 Feb; 12(9). DOI: 10.1038/S41368-020-0075-9. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41368-020-0075-9
Wahba L, Jain N, Fire AZ, Shoura MJ, Artiles KL, McCoy MJ, et al. Identification of a pangolin niche for a 2019-nCoV-like Coronavirus via an Extensive Meta-metagenomic Searc. BioRxiv. 2020 Feb. DOI: 10.1101/2020.02.08.939660. Available from: https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.02.08.939660v2
Gorbalenya AE, Enjuanes, Ziebuhr, Snijder EJ. Nidovirales: Evolving the largest RNA virus genome. Virus Research. 2006 Feb; 117(1): p. 17–37. DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2006.01.017. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16503362
Fehr AR, Perlman S. Coronaviruses: an overview of their replication and pathogenesis. In Methods in Molecular Biology. Nueva York, Estados Unidos: Springer; 2015. p. 1-23. Available from: https://link.springer.com/protocol/10.1007%2F978-1-4939-2438-7_1
Rodríguez-Morales AJ, MacGregor K, Kanagarajah S, Patel D, Schlagenhauf P. Going global – Travel and the 2019 novel coronavirus. Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease. 2020 Feb; 33(101578): p. 1-5. DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2020.101578. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32044389
Sabino Silva R, Gomez A, Siqueira W. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential. Clinical Oral Investigations. 2020 Feb; p. 1619-1621. DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03248-x. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs00784-020-03248-x
Rothan H, Byrareddy S. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19). Journal of Autoimmunity. 2020 Feb; p. 1-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2020.102433. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32113704
Li Q, Cols. Early Transmission Dynamics in Wuhan, China, of Novel Coronavirus–Infected Pneumonia. N Engl J Med. 2020 Mar; 382(1): p. 1199-207. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2001316. Available from: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001316
Lai CC, Cols.. Asymptomatic carrier state, acute respiratory disease, and pneumonia due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2): Facts and myths. Journal of Microbiology, Immunology and Infection. 2020 Mar; p. 1-9. DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2020.02.012. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32173241
CDC. How COVID-19 Spreads. Atlanta, Georgia, Estados Unidos: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; 2020. Available from: https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/prevent-getting-sick/prevention.html
Kwok JLA, Gralt J, McLaws ML. Face touching: A frequent habit that has implications for hand hygiene. American Journal of Infection Control. 2015 Feb; 43(2): p. 112-4. DOI: 10.1016/j.ajic.2014.10.015. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25637115
Wang J, Du. COVID-19 may transmit through aerosol. Irish Journal of Medical Science. 2020 March; 1971. DOI: 10.1007/s11845-020-02218-2. Available from: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11845-020-02218-2
Zhou P, Yang X, Wang X, Cols. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020 Feb; 579: p. 270–273. DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2012-7. Available from: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2012-7
Klompas, Morris CA, Sinclair , Pearson , Shenoy ES. Universal Masking in Hospitals in the Covid-19 Era. N Engl J Med. 2020 Apr. DOI: 10.1056/NEJMp2006372. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32237672
Kampf G, Todt, Pfaender S, Steinmann E. Persistence of coronaviruses on inanimate surfaces and their inactivation with biocidal agents. Journal of Hospital Infection. 2020 Feb; 104: p. 246-251. DOI: 10.1016/j.jhin.2020.01.022. Available from: https://www.journalofhospitalinfection.com/article/S0195-6701(20)30046-3/fulltext
To KKW, Cols.. Consistent Detection of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in Saliva. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 2020 Feb; p. 1-3. DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa149. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32047895
Ge Zy, Yang Lm, Xia Jj, Fu Xh, Zhang Yz. Possible aerosol transmission of COVID-19 and special precautions in dentistry. Journal of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE B (Biomedicine & Biotechnology). 2020 Mar; p. 1-8. DOI: 10.1631/jzus.B2010010. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7089481/
Day CJ, Sandy JR, Ireland AJ. Aerosols and Splatter in Dentistry – A Neglected Menace? Dental Update. 2006; 33(10): p. 601-606. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17209534
Kutter JS, Spronken M, Fraaij P, Fouchier R, Herfst S. Transmission routes of respiratory viruses amonghumans. Current Opinion in Virology. 2018; 28: p. 142–151. DOI: 10.1016/j.coviro.2018.01.001. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29452994
Heshu, Zhiqing Y, Wenmei. Emergency management of prevention and control of oral specialist infections during the outbreak of new coronavirus pneumonia. Chinese Journal of Stomatology. 2020; 55. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.cn112144-20200205-00037. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32080994
Associação de Medicina Intensiva – AMIB & Conselho Federal de Odontologia – CFO. Recomendações AMIB/CFO para atendimento odontológico COVID- 19. Comitê de Odontologia AMIB/CFO de enfrentamento ao COVID-19. Available from: http://website.cfo.org.br/com-apoio-do-cfo-amib-apresenta-recomendacoes-para-enfrentamento-da-covid-19-na-odontologia/
Tuñas ITC, da Silva ET, Santiago SBS, Maia KD, Silva-Júnior GO. Doença pelo Coronavírus 2019 (COVID-19): Uma abordagem preventiva para Odontologia. Brazilian Journal of Dentistry. 2020; 77: p. e1766. DOI: 10.18363/rbo.v77.2020.e1776. Available from: http://revista.aborj.org.br/index.php/rbo/article/view/1776
Wax RS, Christian MD. Practical recommendations for critical care and anesthesiology teams caring for novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) patients. Canadian Journal of Anesthesia. 2020 Feb. DOI: 10.1007/s12630-020-01591-x. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32052373
Eggers, Cols.. Povidone-iodine hand wash and hand rub products demonstrated excellent in vitro virucidal efficacy against Ebola virus and modified vaccinia virus Ankara, the new European test virus for enveloped viruses. BMC Infectious Diseases. 2015; 15. DOI: 10.1186/s12879-015-1111-9. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26381737
Australian Commission for Safety and Quality in Health Care. Australian Gudekines fir the Prevention and Control of Infection in Healthcare. NHMRC (2010). 2010.
Barratt R, Shaban RZ, Gilbert GL. Clinician perceptions of respiratory infection risk; a rationale for research into mask use in routine practice. Infection, Disease & Health. 2019; 24: p. 169 - 176.
Pippin DJ, R.A. V, Weber KK. Efficacy of Face Masks in Preventing lnhala tion of Airborne Contaminants. J Oral Maxillofac Surg. 1987; 45: p. 319-323.
Checchi L, Montevecchi M, Moreschi A, Graziosi F, Taddei P, Saveiro Violante F. Efficacy of three face masks in preventing inhalation of airborne contaminants in dental practice. The Journal of the American Dental Association. 2005 July; 136(7): p. 877-882.
Jakubovics, Greenwood M, Meech JG. General medicine and surgery for dental practitioners: part 4. Infections and infection control. Br Dent J. 2014 Jul; 217(2): p. 73-77. DOI: 10.18320/JIMD/201603.03151. Available from: DOI: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2014.593. Available from: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1810772
Gupta, Aggarwal, Tiwari, Bharat. Comparison of various methods of disinfecting irreversible hydrocolloid impressions using chlorhexidine gluconate: Assessment of antimicrobial efficacy & dimensional changes. Journal of International Medicine and Dentistry. 2016; 3(3): p. 151-160. DOI: 10.18320/JIMD/201603.03151. Available from: https://journals.indexcopernicus.com/search/article?articleId=1810772
Zhiyong L, Liuyan. Prevention and control of new coronavirus infection in oral diagnosis and treatment. Chinese Journal of Stomatology. 2020; 55:e: p. Pre-published on line. DOI: 10.3760/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2020.0001. Available from: http://rs.yiigle.com/yufabiao/1181133.htm
Kariwa H, Fujii, Takashima I. Inactivation of SARS Coronavirus by Means of Povidone-Iodine, Physical Conditions and Chemical Reagents. Dermatology. 2006; 212((suppl 1)): p. 119-123. DOI: 10.1159/000089211. Available from: https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/89211
