Biodegradación de pesticidas por microorganismos aislados de compost
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La degradación del suelo y la baja productividad agrícola a menudo se han relacionado con el uso indiscriminado de pesticidas. En los últimos años, con el objetivo de restaurar la fertilidad del suelo, los agricultores han recurrido al uso de fertilizantes orgánicos, los cuales aportan tanto macronutrientes como micronutrientes para mejorar la producción agrícola. Sin embargo, la carga microbiana de estos fertilizantes también puede afectar a las poblaciones biológicas del suelo, su diversidad y su actividad. En este contexto, los objetivos de este estudio fueron evaluar la calidad microbiológica de muestras de compost y realizar pruebas de degradación de pesticidas. Los análisis microbiológicos revelaron que la carga microbiana del compost estaba compuesta principalmente por hongos fitopatógenos, como Fusarium spp. y Cladosporium spp., así como por bacterias fitopatógenas, incluidas Pseudomonas spp. y enterobacterias, las cuales pueden ser patógenas para humanos y animales. La población y diversidad de actinomicetos fue notablemente baja. Análisis previos identificaron la persistencia de pesticidas como glifosato, clorfenapir y difenoconazol en las muestras. Las bacterias y actinomicetos más abundantes, caracterizados como Pseudomonas spp. y Streptomyces spp. (ACP1 y ACP2), fueron eficaces en la degradación de estos plaguicidas en condiciones in vitro. Específicamente, el difenoconazol se degradó hasta en un 70 %, el clorfenapir en un 44 % y el glifosato en un 30 %, tanto de forma individual como en mezclas, reduciendo así la concentración de estos contaminantes y demostrando el potencial de estos microorganismos en procesos de descontaminación y biorremediación.
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