Morphological and biochemical characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum Race 2, pathogenic bacterium in banana and plantain crops in El Carmen, Manabí, Ecuador
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The musaceae are very important for food worldwide, in Ecuador they occupy 20,57% of the planted area, being the canton El Carmen one of the main sites dedicated to this exploitation. On the other hand, Ralstonia solanacearum, is the cause of the disease known as plantain moko, which can wipe out 100% of a plantation. Therefore, a morphological and biochemical characterization of R. solanacearum Race 2, pathogenic bacterium in banana and plantain crops in El Carmen, Manabí, Ecuador, was carried out in order to identify and determine the characteristics that confirm the presence of the etiological pathogen of the disease present in the mentioned area. The morphological and biochemical analysis was carried out at laboratory level; the samples were taken from plantain and banana plantations (soil and pseudo-stem), with symptoms of moko. As a result, virulence was identified in half of the samples. It was also confirmed that the bacterium is Gram negative, in its bacillus form, catalase positive, indole negative, with an oxidative and fermentative character of lactose and glucose, without presence of hydrogen sulfide, unable to hydrolyze starch in vitro culture. It was confirmed that the temperature of 4°C and pH of 4,5 inhibit the increase of its populations; however, the ranges of 25 and 37°C with pH of 6,5 to 8,5 did not prove to be restrictive for its propagation; therefore, it is affirmed that El Carmen meets the required standards for the t pathogen o proliferate optimally.
Downloads
Metrics
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.
The authors who publish in Siembra know and accept the following conditions:
- Authors retain the copyright and grant Siembra the right of first publication of the work, under the Creative Commons Attribution License. Third parties are allowed to use what has been published as long as they refer to the author or authors of the work and its publication in this journal.
This content is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial 4.0 International (CC BY-NC 4.0).
- Authors maintain the copyright and guarantee Siembra the right to publish the manuscript through the channels it considers appropriate.
- Authors may establish on their own additional agreements for the non-exclusive distribution of the version of the work published in Siembra, acknowledging their initial publication in the same, such as in institutional repositories.
- Authors are authorized to disseminate their work electronically once the manuscript is accepted for publication.
References
Adamtey, N., Musyoka, M., Zundel, C., Cobo, J., Karanja, E., Fioboe, K., Muriuki, A., Mucheru, M., Vanlauwe, B., Berset, E., Messmer, M., Gattinger, A., Bhullar, G., Cadisch, G., Fliessbach, A., Mäder, P., Niggli, U., y Foster, D. (2016). Productivity, profitability and partial nutrient balance in maize-based conventional and organic farming systems in Kenya. Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment, 235(1), 61-79. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agee.2016.10.001
Akter, N., Islam, M., Hossain, M., Islam, M., Chowdhury, S., Hoque, S., Nitol, R., y Tasnin, R. (2021). Management of wilt complex of eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) caused by Fusarium oxysporum, Ralstonia solanacearum and Meloidogyne spp. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 12(1), 1155-1171. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajps.2021.127080
Álvarez, E., Pantoja, A., Gañan, L., y Ceballos, G. (2015). Current status of Moko disease and black sigatoka in Latin America and the Caribbean, and options for managing them. Publicación CIAT N. 404. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical [CIAT]; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations [FAO]. http://ciat-library.ciat.cgiar.org/Articulos_Ciat/biblioteca/CURRENT_STATUS_OF_MOKO_DISEASE_AND_BLACK_SIGATOKA_IN_LAC_AND_OPTIONS_FOR_MANAGING_THEM_final.pdf
Apolinario Carmona, G. G. (2018). Identificación bioquímica y molecular de bacterias patógenas aisladas de plantas de papa (Solanum tuberosum) cultivadas en Chirgua, Edo. Carabobo, Venezuela. Universidad Central de Venezuela. http://saber.ucv.ve/handle/10872/19685
Barrios Díaz, R. Á. (2015). Identificación de bacterias patógenas aisladas de tubérculos de papa (Solanum tuberosum) con síntomas de pudrición blanda, colectadas en Sanare, Estado Lara. Universidad Central de Venezuela. http://saber.ucv.ve/handle/10872/13474
Bautista-Montealegre, L. G., Bolaños-Benavides, M. M., Abuanza-González, C. A., Argüelles-Cárdenas, J. H., y Forero-Camacho, C. A. (2016). Moko del plátano y su relación con sus propiedades físicas y químicas en suelos del departamento de Quindío, Colombia. Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortículas, 10(2), 273-283. http://dx.doi.org/10.17584/rcch.2016v10i2.5066
Bawari, M., y Narendrappa, T. (2019). In-vitro evaluation of bioagents and antibiotics against Ralstonia solanacearum causing brinjal wilt. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(2), 2038-2041. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue5/PartAL/8-5-422-613.pdf
Bhanwar, R. (2022). Effect of temperature and pH level on growth of bacterial wilt causing R. solanacearum under in vitro condition. The Pharma Innovation Journal, 11(1), 1656-1659. https://www.thepharmajournal.com/archives/2022/vol11issue1/PartW/11-1-168-631.pdf
Bou Arévalo, G., Fernández Olmos, A., García De La Fuente, C., Sáenz Nieto, J., y Valdezate Ramos, S. (2011). Métodos de identificación bacteriana en el laboratorio de microbiología. Procedimientos en microbiología clínica. Enfermedades Infecciosas y Microbiología Clínica, 29(8), 601-608. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eimc.2011.03.012
Cartagena Ayala, Y. E. (2002). El análisis químico de suelos una herramienta para diseñar recomendaciones de fertilización y enmiendas en los cultivos. Universidad Central del Ecuador. http://repositorio.iniap.gob.ec/handle/41000/4776
Champoiseau, P., Jones, J., y Allen, C. (2009). Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 biovar 2 causes tropical losses and temperate anxieties. Plant Health Progress, 1(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-2009-0313-01-RV
Cores Rodríguez, S., y Scarzella Testa, A. (2016). Identificación del agente causal del tallo hueco en tomate en Uruguay. Universidad de la República. https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12008/19662
Delgado, R., Lahuathe, B., Delgado, J., Peñaherrera, L., Navia, D., y Arias, M. (2016). Plan de acción para el manejo, control y erradicación del moko (Ralstonia solanacearum raza 2), en plátano. Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias.
Denny, T. (2006). Plant pathogenic Ralstonia species. En S. S. Gnanamanickam (ed.), Plant Associated Bacteria, part III (pp. 573-644). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4538-7_16
Dhital, S., Thaveechai, N., y Shrestha, S. (2011). Characteristics of Ralstonia solanacearum strains of potato wilt disease from Nepal and Thailand. Nepal Agriculture Research Journal, 4(1), 42-47. https://doi.org/10.3126/narj.v4i0.4868
Elphinstone, J. (2005). The current bacterial wilt situation: A global overview. En C. Allen, P. Prior, y A. C. Hayward, Bacterial wilt Disease and the Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex (pp. 9-28). American Phytopathological Society (APS Press).
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization [EPPO]. (2018). EPPO Global Database. https://gd.eppo.int/
Fornos Blanco, J. A., Rivera Moran, J. C., Sánchez Gómez, I. E., Monzón Centeno, A. J., y Ramírez Reynoza, D. J. (2021). Razas, biovares y mecanismos de resistencia de aislados de Ralstonia solanacearum en el cultivo de papa (Solanum tuberosum L.) en Nicaragua. La Calera, 21(37), 1-23. https://doi.org/10.5377/calera.v21i37.12821
García, R. O., Kerns, J. P., y Thiessen, L. (2019). Ralstonia solanacearum Species Complex: A quick diagnostic guide. Plant Health Progress, 20(1), 7-13. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHP-04-18-0015-DG
Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de El Carmen. (2015). Plan de desarrollo y ordenamiento territorial del cantón El Carmen. Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de El Carmen. https://app.sni.gob.ec/sni-link/sni/PORTAL_SNI/data_sigad_plus/sigadplusdocumentofinal/1360000550001_PDyOT%20CANTON%20EL%20CARMEN%20FINAL%2019-04-2015%20_19-04-2015_23-58-40.pdf
Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de El Carmen. (2021). El plan de uso y gestión de suelo PUGS del cantón El Carmen es el instrumento que regula la planificación, ordenamiento y gestión del territorio urbano y rural del cantón. Gobierno Autónomo Descentralizado Municipal de El Carmen. https://elcarmen.gob.ec/Transparencia/PUGS%20y%20PDOT/PUGS25ago2021.pdf
Goszczynska, T., Serfontein, J., y Serfontein, S. (2000). Introduction to practical phytobacteriology. A Manual for Phytobacteriology (1st ed.). Safrinet.
Hossain, F., Billah, M., Ali, R., Parvez, S., Sorwer, A., Zaoti, Z., Hasan, Z., Hasan, F., Dutta, A., Khalekuzzaman, I., y Biswanath, S. (2021). Molecular identification and biological control of Ralstonia solanacearum from wilt of papaya by natural compounds and Bacillus subtilis: an integrated experimental and computational study. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(12), 6972-6986. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.07.069
Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas y Censos [INEC]. (2021). Encuesta de Superficie y Producción Agropecuaria Continua 2020. https://www.ecuadorencifras.gob.ec/documentos/web-inec/Estadisticas_agropecuarias/espac/espac-2020/Presentacion%20ESPAC%202020.pdf
Instituto Nacional de Investigaciones Agropecuarias [INIAP]. (2006). Muestreo de suelos para análisis químico con fines agrícolas. Plegable no. 272. INIAP. http://repositorio.iniap.gob.ec/handle/41000/2025
Kaiser, G. (2021). Microbiology Labs II.https://bio.libretexts.org/Learning_Objects/Laboratory_Experiments/Microbiology_Labs/Microbiology_Labs_II
Kelman, A. (1954) The relationship of pathogenicity of pseudomonas solanacearum to colony appearance in a tetrazolium medium. Phytopathology, 44, 693-695.
Kumari, R., y Ranjan, R. 2019. Characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt of potato. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(5), 1762-1767. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue5/PartAG/8-5-103-154.pdf
La Hora. (16 de septiembre del 2022). 1.13 hectáreas afectadas por el ‘moko del plátano’.https://www.lahora.com.ec/santo-domingo/1-13-de-hectareas-afectadas-por-el-moko-del-platano/
Lazo-Roger, Y., Nivela-Morante, P. E., Rojas-Rojas, J. A., Taipe-Taipe, M. V., Piloso-Chávez, K. J., Pedraza-González, X., Aragundi-Velarde, J. G., y Chávez Solórzano, M. (2017). Evaluación de trampas para capturas de picudo negro (Cosmopolites sordidus Germar) en cultivo de plátano (Musa ABB cv. Hartón). Revista Misionero del Agro,15(4), 4-9. http://www.uagraria.edu.ec/publicaciones/revistas_cientificas/15/055-2017.pdf
Lemessa Ocho, F. (2006). Biochemical, pathological and genetic characterization of strains of Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) from Ethiopia and biocontrol of R. solanacearum with bacterial antagonists. Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Universität Hannover. https://doi.org/10.15488/6737
Li, S., Liu, Y., Wang, J., Yang, L., Zhang, S., Xu, C., y Ding, W. (2017). Soil Acidification Aggravates the Occurrence of Bacterial Wilt in South China. Frontiers in Microbiology, 8(1), 703-712. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmicb.2017.00703
Mansfield, J., Genin, S., Magori, S., Citovsky, V., Sriariyanum, M., Ronald, P., Dow, M., Verdier, V., Beer, S., Machado, M., Toth, I., Salmond, G., y Foster, G. (2012). Top 10 plant pathogenic bacteria in molecular plant pathology. Molecular plant pathology, 13(6), 614-629. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2012.00804.x
Mendoza, R. B., y Espinoza, A. (2017). Guía técnica para muestreo de suelos. Universidad Nacional Agraria. https://repositorio.una.edu.ni/id/eprint/3613
Ministerio de Agricultura, Ganadería, Acuacultura y Pesca [MAGAP], y Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro [Agrocalidad]. (2020). Ralstoniasolanacearum race 2 (Smith 1896) Yabuuchi et al. 1996. https://www.agrocalidad.gob.ec/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/foc51.pdf
Mutimawurugo, M., Wagara, I., Muhinyuza, J., y Ogweno, J. (2019). Virulence and characterization of isolates of potato bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum (Smith) in Rwanda. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 14(6), 311-320. https://doi.org/10.5897/AJAR2018.13686
Ngeno, D., Murungi, L., Fundi, D., Wekesa, V., Haukeland, S., y Mbaka, J. (2022). Soil chemical properties influence abundance of nematode trophic groups and Ralstonia solanacearum in high tunnel tomato production. AAS Open Research, 2(3), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.12688/aasopenres.12932.1
Obrador Sánchez, J. A. (2016). Variabilidad genética de la bacteria Ralstonia solanacearum de cepas aisladas en México. Centro de Investigación Científica de Yucatán, A. C. http://cicy.repositorioinstitucional.mx/jspui/handle/1003/468
Obregón Barrios, M., Rodríguez Gaviria, P., y Salazar Yepes, M. (2011). Supervivencia de Ralstonia solanacearum en suelo y tejido de plantas de banano en Urabá, Colombia. Fitosanidad, 15(2), 91-97. https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=209122297004
Organización para la Agricultura y la Alimentación [FAO]. (2020). FAOSTAT database collection.https://www.fao.org/faostat/es/#home
Pardo, J. M., López Álvarez, D., Ceballos, G., Álvarez, E., y Cuellas, W. J. (2019). Detection of Ralstonia solanacearum phylotype II, race 2 causing Moko disease and validation of genetic resistance observed in the hybrid plantain FHIA-21. Tropical plant pathology, 44(1), 371-379 https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-019-00282-3
Paudel, S., Dobhal, S., Álvarez, A. M., y Arif, M. (2020). Taxonomy and phylogenetic research on Ralstonia solanacearum species complex: a complex pathogen with extraordinary economic consequences. Pathogens, 9(11), 886. https://doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9110886
Perea Soto, J. M., García Estrada, R. S., Allende Molar, R., Carrillo Fasio, J. A., León Félix, J., Valdez Torres, B., y López Soto, F. S. M. (2011). Identificación de razas y biovares de Ralstonia solanacearum aisladas de plantas de tomate. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatología, 29(2), 98-108. https://www.scielo.org.mx/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0185-33092011000200002
Phondekar, U., Bhagwat, R. G., Rathod, R. R., Gadhave, A. D., Nirgude, Y. R., Nalawade, R. R., y Joy, J. (2020). Isolation and characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt of potato in Konkan Region of Maharashtra. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 9(10), 136-142. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2020.910.018
Razia, S., Chowdhury, M. S. M., Aminuzzaman, F. M., Sultana, N., e Islam, M. (2021) Morphological, pathological, biochemical and molecular characterization of Ralstonia solanacearum Isolates in Bangladesh. American Journal of Molecular Biology, 11(1), 142-164. https://doi.org/10.4236/ajmb.2021.114012
Restrepo Alvarado, S. (2002). Estandarización de una técnica de diagnóstico de agua y suelo de Ralstonia solanacearum agente causal de la marchitez bacteriana de cultivos de papa. Pontificia Universidad Javeriana. http://hdl.handle.net/10554/56907
Reynoso, M., Magnoli, C., Barros, G., y Demo, M. (2015). Manual de microbiología general. UniRío Editora. http://www.unirioeditora.com.ar/producto/manual-microbiologia-general/
Robinson, J., y Galán Saúco, V. (2010). Bananas and plantains (2nd ed.). Ediciones Mundi Prensa.
Rossi, A. (2021). Kligler Hierro Agar. Laboratorios Britania S.A. https://www.britanialab.com/back/public/upload/productos/upl_60706c3393e51.pdf
Sánchez Jorgge, M. A. (2021). Ralstonia Solanacearum en el cultivo de plátano en el Ecuador. Universidad Técnica de Babahoyo. http://dspace.utb.edu.ec/handle/49000/10306
Servicio Nacional de Sanidad, Inocuidad y Calidad Agroalimentaria [SENASICA]. (2019). Moko del plátano. Ralstonia solanacearum raza 2. Ficha Técnica No. 03. Dirección General de Sanidad Vegetal. https://prod.senasica.gob.mx/SIRVEF/ContenidoPublico/Fichas%20tecnicas/Ficha%20T%C3%A9cnica%20de%20Moko%20del%20platano.pdf
Sharma, D. K. (2018). Morphological and biochemical characterization of Ralstoniasolanacearum (smith) in brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) in Rajasthan (India). Advances in Plants & Agriculture Research, 8(3), 284-288. https://doi.org/10.15406/apar.2018.08.00328
Sharma, D., y Singh, Y. (2019). Characterization of Ralstoniasolanacearum isolates using biochemical, cultural, molecular methods and pathogenicity tests. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, 8(4), 2884-2889. https://www.phytojournal.com/archives/2019/vol8issue4/PartAU/8-4-392-512.pdf
Shokina, K. V., Mayorov, P. S., Feoktistova, N. A., Sapparov, K. N., y Vasilyev, D. A. (2017). Scheme of allocation and typing of Ralstonia solanacearum. En VIII Международная научно-практическая конференция (pp. 284-287). Sarátov. http://lib.ugsha.ru:8080/bitstream/123456789/11477/1/2017-03-284-287.pdf000
Silva Romeiro, R. da (2001). Métodos em bacteriología de plantas. Editora UFV.
Spann, T. M., y Schumann, A. W. (2010) Mineral nutrition contributes to plant disease and pest resistance. EDIS, (4), HS1181. https://doi.org/10.32473/edis-hs1181-2010
Universidad Abierta y a Distancia de México [UnADM]. (2017). Microbiología y taxonomía microbiana. U3. Caracterización microbiana. UnADM. https://hopelchen.tecnm.mx/principal/sylabus/fpdb/recursos/r126326.PDF
Wang, Z., Zhang, Y., Bo, G., Zhang, Y., Chen, Y., Shen, M., Zhang, P., Li, G., Zhou, J., Li, Z., y Yang, J. (2022). Ralstoniasolanacearum infection disturbed the microbiome structure throughout the whole tobacco crop niche as well as the nitrogen metabolism in soil. Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology, 10(1), e903555. https://doi.org/10.3389/fbioe.2022.903555
Yadessa, G., van Bruggen, H., y Ocho, F. (2010). Effects of different soil amendments on bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum and on the yield of tomato. Journal of Plant Pathology, 92(2), 439-450. http://www.jstor.org/stable/41998820
Zheng, X., Zhu, Y., Wang, J., Wang, Z., y Liu, B. (2019). Combined use of a microbial restoration substrate and avirulent Ralstonia solanacearum for the control of tomato bacterial wilt. Scientific Reports 9(1), e20091. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-56572-y
Zumba, L. (13 de febrero de 2022). El moko del banano: una amenaza silenciosa. Expreso. https://www.expreso.ec/actualidad/economia/moko-banano-amenaza-silenciosa-121561.html