Effects of Calcium and Nitrogen on Aphid (Brevicoryne brassicae) Control on Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) Under Two Fertilization Systems
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Abstract
Broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. italica) is a crop of high commercial value in Ecuador, whose productivity is often compromised by pests such as aphids (Brevicoryne brassicae). This study evaluated the effect of different nitrogen (N) and calcium (Ca) doses on the incidence of aphids under two fertilization systems: organic and conventional. Nitrogen promotes vegetative growth, although excess nitrogen limits flowering, while calcium strengthens cell walls, increasing tissue resistance. The study was conducted at the Nintanga company in Cotopaxi province (Ecuador), at 2,890 m a.s.l., in the “Santa Carmen” and “San Patricio” farms. A rotable central composite design was implemented, testing five levels of N and Ca (0, 75, 150, 225, and 300 kg ha⁻¹). Aphid incidence and plant height were recorded weekly over 13 weeks, with a planting density of 6.4 plants m⁻². Our results indicated that high doses of N combined with low levels of Ca significantly increased aphid incidence (up to 60%), especially in the organic system (average: 35%). In contrast, a balanced interaction between the two nutrients reduced aphid incidence to 14% in both systems. The conventional production system showed a lower average aphid incidence (20%) and greater homogeneity in the data Regression analysis revealed a positive effect of Ca on aphid incidence (coef=0.3646 in organic and 0.1496 in conventional), and a quadratic response of N, suggesting that high N doses may attenuate pest pressure, when properly balanced with Ca.
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